Methods and instrumentation for intervertebral cage expansion

ABSTRACT

An instrument may be coupled to a multi-axis expandable intervertebral cage so that the cage may be inserted into an intervertebral space, expanded along multiple different directions, filled with bone graft, and locked with a fastener. The instrument may be part of an instrument set that includes auxiliary instruments to determine implant size, insert bone graft into the cage, and deliver the fastener.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/412,781, Attorney's Docket No. IMDS-59 PROV, entitledMETHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR INTERVERTEBRAL CAGE EXPANSION, which wasfiled on Oct. 25, 2016.

The foregoing is incorporated by reference as though set forth herein inits entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to instruments and methods forimplantation and expansion of an intervertebral implant. The instrumentsand methods described herein may be used to expand an intervertebralimplant or spacer which is capable of being expanded in one or moredirections: horizontally (laterally) and/or vertically(cephalocaudally). More specifically, an embodiment of the instrumentsand methods described herein may be used to implant and expand theintervertebral cages described in pending U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/244,446, entitled EXPANDABLE INTERVERTEBRAL IMPLANTS, filed onAug. 23, 2016, which is incorporated by reference as though set forth inits entirety.

BACKGROUND

There is a need for an instrument that may be coupled to a multi-axisexpandable intervertebral cage so that the cage may be inserted into anintervertebral space, expanded along multiple different directions,filled with bone graft, and/or locked with a fastener. There is also aneed for an instrument set that includes the implant insertioninstrument and auxiliary instruments to determine implant size, insertbone graft into the cage, and deliver the fastener.

The implant insertion instruments disclosed herein address certaincharacteristics of the expandable intervertebral cages. The cages expandhorizontally and/or vertically as first and second implant end bodiesare drawn together along a longitudinal instrument axis. Each of theimplant insertion instruments includes a connector that couples to thefirst implant end body and a draw bar that couples to the second implantend body. The draw bar may be rotatable about the instrument axis toconnect with and disconnect from the second implant end body, howeverthe draw bar does not rotate about the axis during implant expansion. Insome examples, in order to expand the implant, the implant insertioninstrument may first be actuated to lock the draw bar to prevent axialrotation, then actuated to accomplish implant expansion. Theseactuations may be coupled together so as to occur together.

In some examples, the implant insertion instruments disclosed hereinalso address certain characteristics of specific approaches to theintervertebral space in the spine. For example, in transforaminal lumbarinterbody fusion (TLIF), a patient may be in the prone position (facedown) and the approach trajectory may lie in the transverse plane of theoperative intervertebral space and inclined about 30 degrees from thesagittal plane (vertical) or 60 degrees from the coronal plane(horizontal). The weight of the implant insertion instrument thus causesa nontrivial force moment on the implant which tends to rotate theimplant laterally out of position. Disclosed implant insertioninstruments have removable handle assemblies to reduce instrument weightand thus the force moment on the implant.

In some examples, the implant insertion instruments disclosed hereinalso provide a useful and convenient collateral function for a graftfunnel, wherein the funnel may be used to unthread an implant retainershaft after bone graft has been delivered to the operative site.

SUMMARY

The various systems and methods of the present technology have beendeveloped in response to the present state of the art, and inparticular, in response to the problems and needs in the art that havenot yet been fully solved by currently available expandable implants andrelated instruments. The systems and methods of the present technologymay provide improved instruments and methods for implanting expandableimplants, such as spinal interbody fusion spacers.

To achieve the foregoing, and in accordance with the technology asembodied and broadly described herein, in an aspect of the technology,an instrument includes: a first instrument part that is removablyconnectable to a first implant part of an implant; and a secondinstrument part that is removably connectable to a second implant partof the implant; wherein, when the first instrument part is connected tothe first implant part, the second instrument part is connected to thesecond implant part, and the instrument is actuated, the firstinstrument part and the first implant part translate relative to thesecond instrument part and the second implant part along a centrallongitudinal first axis of the instrument without rotating about thefirst axis during instrument actuation for implant expansion.

Embodiments of this aspect may include any or all of the followingattributes. The first instrument part includes a draw bar that isremovably connectable to the first implant part by rotation of the drawbar about the first axis; wherein the instrument further includes anactuator and a rotation lock; wherein instrument actuation includesmovement of the actuator in engagement with the draw bar to translatethe draw bar relative to the second instrument part and the secondimplant part along the first axis; wherein when the rotation lock isengaged, the draw bar cannot rotate about the first axis, wherein whenthe rotation lock is disengaged, the draw bar is free to rotate aboutthe first axis; wherein the instrument includes a first state in whichthe actuator is disengaged from the draw bar, the rotation lock isdisengaged, and the draw bar is free to translate along and rotate aboutthe first axis, wherein the instrument includes a second state in whichthe actuator is engaged with the draw bar, the rotation lock is engaged,and the draw bar is prevented from rotating about the first axis. Therotation lock includes a rotation lock ring and a spline insert, whereinthe rotation lock ring and the draw bar are fixed together for rotationabout the first axis, wherein the spline insert is fixed in translationalong and rotation about the first axis, wherein the spline insert isremovably connectable to the rotation lock ring; wherein when therotation lock is engaged, the spline insert is connected to the rotationlock ring so that the rotation lock ring cannot rotate about the firstaxis, wherein when the rotation lock is disengaged, the spline insert isdisconnected from the rotation lock ring so that the rotation lock ringis free to rotate about the first axis; wherein the actuator and therotation lock are coupled together so that the actuator engages the drawbar when the rotation lock is engaged and the actuator disengages fromthe draw bar when the rotation lock is disengaged. The draw bar includesthreads; wherein the actuator includes a threaded slider, wherein thethreaded slider includes threads that engage the threads of the drawbar, wherein instrument actuation includes rotation of the threadedslider threads in engagement with the draw bar threads to translate thedraw bar relative to the second instrument part and the second implantpart along the first axis. The first instrument part includes a draw barthat is removably connectable to the first implant part by rotation ofthe draw bar about the first axis; wherein the instrument furtherincludes a shuttle and an actuator; wherein the shuttle is fixed inrotation about the first axis, wherein the shuttle and the draw bar arefixed together for translation along the first axis, wherein instrumentactuation includes movement of the actuator in engagement with theshuttle to translate the shuttle and the draw bar relative to the secondinstrument part and the second implant part along the first axis; Theinstrument of claim 5, wherein the shuttle includes threads, wherein theactuator includes a threaded driver, wherein the threaded driverincludes threads that engage the threads of the shuttle, whereininstrument actuation includes rotation of the threaded driver threads inengagement with the shuttle threads to translate the shuttle and thedraw bar relative to the second instrument part and the second implantpart along the first axis. The the shuttle includes a series oftransverse grooves, wherein the actuator includes a ratchet mechanism,wherein the ratchet mechanism includes a drive link that engages theseries of transverse grooves, wherein instrument actuation includestranslation of the drive link in engagement with the series oftransverse grooves to translate the shuttle and the draw bar relative tothe second instrument part and the second implant part along the firstaxis.

In another aspect of the technology, an instrument includes a firstinstrument part that is removably connectable to a first implant part ofan implant by rotation of the first instrument part relative to thefirst implant part about a central longitudinal axis of the instrument;and a second instrument part that is removably connectable to a secondimplant part of the implant; wherein, when the first instrument part isconnected to the first implant part, the second instrument part isconnected to the second implant part, and the instrument is actuated,the first instrument part and the first implant part translate relativeto the second instrument part and the second implant part along thecentral longitudinal axis of the instrument so that the first implantpart approaches the second implant part, wherein the first instrumentpart is prevented from rotating about the central longitudinal axiswhile the first instrument part and the first implant part aretranslating.

Embodiments of this aspect may include any or all of the followingattributes. The instrument further includes an actuator and a rotationlock; wherein instrument actuation includes movement of the actuator inengagement with the first instrument part to translate the firstinstrument part relative to the second instrument part and the secondimplant part along the first axis; wherein when the rotation lock isengaged, the first instrument part is prevented from rotating about thecentral longitudinal axis, wherein when the rotation lock is disengaged,the first instrument part is free to rotate about the first axis;wherein the instrument includes a first state in which the actuator isdisengaged from the first instrument part, the rotation lock isdisengaged, and the first instrument part is free to translate along androtate about the first axis, wherein the instrument includes a secondstate in which the actuator is engaged with the first instrument part,the rotation lock is engaged, and the first instrument part is preventedfrom rotating about the first axis. The rotation lock includes arotation lock ring and a spline insert, wherein the rotation lock ringand the first instrument part are fixed together for rotation about thefirst axis, wherein the spline insert is fixed in translation along androtation about the first axis, wherein the spline insert is removablyconnectable to the rotation lock ring; wherein when the rotation lock isengaged, the spline insert is connected to the rotation lock ring sothat the rotation lock ring cannot rotate about the first axis, whereinwhen the rotation lock is disengaged, the spline insert is disconnectedfrom the rotation lock ring so that the rotation lock ring is free torotate about the first axis; wherein the actuator and the rotation lockare coupled together so that the actuator engages the first instrumentpart when the rotation lock is engaged and the actuator disengages fromthe first instrument part when the rotation lock is disengaged. Thefirst instrument part includes threads; wherein the actuator includes athreaded slider, wherein the threaded slider includes threads thatengage the threads of the first instrument part, wherein instrumentactuation includes rotation of the threaded slider threads in engagementwith the first instrument part threads to translate the first instrumentpart relative to the second instrument part and the second implant partalong the first axis. The instrument further includes a shuttle and anactuator; wherein the shuttle is fixed in rotation about the first axis,wherein the shuttle and the first instrument part are fixed together fortranslation along the first axis, wherein instrument actuation includesmovement of the actuator in engagement with the shuttle to translate theshuttle and the first instrument part relative to the second instrumentpart and the second implant part along the first axis; The shuttleincludes threads, wherein the actuator includes a threaded driver,wherein the threaded driver includes threads that engage the threads ofthe shuttle, wherein instrument actuation includes rotation of thethreaded driver threads in engagement with the shuttle threads totranslate the shuttle and the first instrument part relative to thesecond instrument part and the second implant part along the first axis.The shuttle includes a series of transverse grooves, wherein theactuator includes a ratchet mechanism, wherein the ratchet mechanismincludes a drive link that engages the series of transverse grooves,wherein instrument actuation includes translation of the drive link inengagement with the series of transverse grooves to translate theshuttle and the first instrument part relative to the second instrumentpart and the second implant part along the first axis.

In yet another aspect of the technology, an instrument includes a drawbar that is removably connectable to a first implant part of an implantby rotation of the draw bar relative to the first implant part about acentral longitudinal axis of the instrument, wherein the draw bar iscarried at a first end of a first shaft; and a second instrument partthat is removably connectable to a second implant part of the implant,wherein the second instrument part is carried at a first end of a secondshaft; wherein the instrument is actuatable to translate the draw bartoward the second instrument part along the central longitudinal axis sothat the draw bar does not rotate about the central longitudinal axisduring instrument actuation.

Embodiments of this aspect may include any or all of the followingattributes. The instrument further includes an actuator and a rotationlock; wherein instrument actuation includes movement of the actuator inengagement with the draw bar to translate the draw bar relative to thesecond instrument part and the second implant part along the first axis;wherein when the rotation lock is engaged, the draw bar cannot rotateabout the first axis, wherein when the rotation lock is disengaged, thedraw bar is free to rotate about the first axis; wherein the instrumentincludes a first state in which the actuator is disengaged from the drawbar, the rotation lock is disengaged, and the draw bar is free totranslate along and rotate about the first axis, wherein the instrumentincludes a second state in which the actuator is engaged with the drawbar, the rotation lock is engaged, and the draw bar is prevented fromrotating about the first axis. The rotation lock includes a rotationlock ring and a spline insert, wherein the rotation lock ring and thedraw bar are fixed together for rotation about the first axis, whereinthe spline insert is fixed in translation along and rotation about thefirst axis, wherein the spline insert is removably connectable to therotation lock ring; wherein when the rotation lock is engaged, thespline insert is connected to the rotation lock ring so that therotation lock ring cannot rotate about the first axis, wherein when therotation lock is disengaged, the spline insert is disconnected from therotation lock ring so that the rotation lock ring is free to rotateabout the first axis; wherein the actuator and the rotation lock arecoupled together so that the actuator engages the draw bar when therotation lock is engaged and the actuator disengages from the draw barwhen the rotation lock is disengaged. The draw bar includes threads;wherein the actuator includes a threaded slider, wherein the threadedslider includes threads that engage the threads of the draw bar, whereininstrument actuation includes rotation of the threaded slider threads inengagement with the draw bar threads to translate the draw bar relativeto the second instrument part and the second implant part along thefirst axis. The instrument further includes a shuttle and an actuator;wherein the shuttle is fixed in rotation about the first axis, whereinthe shuttle and the draw bar are fixed together for translation alongthe first axis, wherein instrument actuation includes movement of theactuator in engagement with the shuttle to translate the shuttle and thedraw bar relative to the second instrument part and the second implantpart along the first axis. The shuttle includes threads, wherein theactuator includes a threaded driver, wherein the threaded driverincludes threads that engage the threads of the shuttle, whereininstrument actuation includes rotation of the threaded driver threads inengagement with the shuttle threads to translate the shuttle and thedraw bar relative to the second instrument part and the second implantpart along the first axis. The shuttle includes a series of transversegrooves, wherein the actuator includes a ratchet mechanism, wherein theratchet mechanism includes a drive link that engages the series oftransverse grooves, wherein instrument actuation includes translation ofthe drive link in engagement with the series of transverse grooves totranslate the shuttle and the draw bar relative to the second instrumentpart and the second implant part along the first axis.

These and other features and advantages of the present technology willbecome more fully apparent from the following description and appendedclaims, or may be learned by the practice of the technology as set forthhereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Exemplary embodiments of the technology will become more fully apparentfrom the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depictonly exemplary embodiments and are, therefore, not to be consideredlimiting of the scope of the technology, the exemplary embodiments willbe described with additional specificity and detail through use of theaccompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a top view of an insertion and expansion instrument;

FIG. 2 is a side view of the instrument of FIG. 1 with a draw barassembly inserted into the instrument and an expandable intervertebralimplant connected to a distal end of the instrument;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the instrument and implant of FIG. 2taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a distal detail cross-sectional view of the instrument andimplant of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a proximal detail cross-sectional view of the instrument ofFIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a top view of the instrument of FIG. 1 in a first partiallyassembled state;

FIG. 7 is a top view of the instrument of FIG. 1 in a second partiallyassembled state;

FIG. 8 is a top view of the instrument of FIG. 1 in a fully assembledstate;

FIG. 9 is an exploded perspective view of the instrument of FIG. 1;

FIG. 10 is another exploded perspective view of the instrument of FIG.1, from a different direction;

FIG. 11 is an exploded perspective view of a shuttle assembly of theinstrument of FIG. 1;

FIG. 12 is another exploded perspective view of the shuttle assembly ofFIG. 11, from a different direction;

FIG. 13 is a proximal end view of an inserter handle of the instrumentof FIG. 9;

FIG. 14 is a distal end view of the inserter handle of the instrument ofFIG. 9;

FIG. 15 is a proximal end view of a selector ring of the instrument ofFIG. 9;

FIG. 16 is a proximal end view of an expansion knob of the instrument ofFIG. 9;

FIG. 17 is a distal end view of the expansion knob of the instrument ofFIG. 9;

FIG. 18 is a proximal end view of a threaded driver of the instrument ofFIG. 9;

FIG. 19 is a distal end view of the threaded driver of the instrument ofFIG. 9;

FIG. 20 is a proximal end view of a lock tube coupling of the lock tubeassembly of FIG. 24;

FIG. 21 is a distal end view of the lock tube coupling of the lock tubeassembly of FIG. 24;

FIG. 22 is an exploded perspective view of a shaft assembly of theinstrument of FIG. 1;

FIG. 23 is another exploded perspective view of the shaft assembly ofFIG. 22, from a different direction;

FIG. 24 is an exploded perspective view of a lock tube assembly of theinstrument of FIG. 1;

FIG. 25 is another exploded perspective view of the lock tube assemblyof FIG. 24, from a different direction;

FIG. 26 is a top view of the draw bar assembly of FIG. 2;

FIG. 27 is a top view of a tamp assembly;

FIG. 28 is a top view of a funnel;

FIG. 29 is a top view of a screwdriver assembly coupled to a lockoutscrew;

FIG. 30 is a distal detail view of the screwdriver assembly and lockoutscrew of FIG. 29;

FIG. 31 is an exploded perspective view of the draw bar assembly of FIG.26;

FIG. 32 is another exploded perspective view of the draw bar assembly ofFIG. 26, from a different direction;

FIG. 33 is a perspective view of the funnel of FIG. 28;

FIG. 34 is another perspective view of the funnel of FIG. 28, from adifferent direction;

FIG. 35 is an exploded perspective view of the tamp assembly of FIG. 27;

FIG. 36 is another exploded perspective view of the tamp assembly ofFIG. 27, from a different direction;

FIG. 37 is an exploded perspective view of the screwdriver assembly ofFIG. 29;

FIG. 38 is another exploded perspective view of the screwdriver assemblyof FIG. 29, from a different direction;

FIG. 39 is a perspective view of a screw holder and a screw holder catchof the screwdriver assembly of FIG. 29;

FIG. 40 is another perspective view of a screw holder and a screw holdercatch of the screwdriver assembly of FIG. 29, from a differentdirection;

FIG. 41 is a proximal end view of the screw holder of FIG. 40;

FIG. 42 is a distal end view of the screw holder of FIG. 40;

FIG. 43 is a perspective view of the lockout screw of FIG. 29;

FIG. 44 is another perspective view of the lockout screw of FIG. 29,from a different direction;

FIG. 45 is a rear or second end view of the implant of FIG. 2 in acollapsed configuration;

FIG. 46 is a top view of the implant of FIG. 2;

FIG. 47 is a side view of the implant of FIG. 2;

FIG. 48 is an isometric view of the instrument of FIG. 1 in an unlockedconfiguration;

FIG. 49 is a closeup view of a distal end of the instrument of FIG. 48;

FIG. 50 is an isometric view of the instrument of FIG. 1 with theimplant of FIG. 2 connected to the distal end of the instrument;

FIG. 51 is a closeup view of the distal end of the instrument andimplant of FIG. 50;

FIG. 52 is an isometric view of the instrument and implant of FIG. 50,the implant adjacent a vertebral body and in a laterally expandedconfiguration;

FIG. 53 is a closeup view of the distal end of the instrument, implant,and vertebra of FIG. 52;

FIG. 54 is an isometric view of the instrument and implant of FIG. 52,the implant adjacent a vertebral end body and in a laterally andvertically expanded configuration;

FIG. 55 is a closeup view of the distal end of the instrument, implant,and vertebra of FIG. 54;

FIG. 56 is an isometric view of the instrument and implant of FIG. 54,the implant adjacent a vertebral end body and in a laterally andvertically expanded configuration, and the funnel of FIG. 28 connectedto a proximal end of the instrument;

FIG. 57 is a closeup view of the distal end of the instrument, implant,and vertebra of FIG. 56;

FIG. 58 is an isometric view of the instrument and implant of FIG. 56,the implant adjacent a vertebral end body and in a laterally andvertically expanded configuration, the lockout screw of FIG. 29extending through the implant and the screwdriver assembly of FIG. 29inserted through the instrument;

FIG. 59 is a closeup view of the distal end of the instrument, implant,and vertebra of FIG. 58;

FIG. 60 is a top view of the implant and vertebra of FIG. 58;

FIG. 61 is an anterior view of the implant and vertebra of FIG. 58;

FIG. 62 is a right lateral view of the implant and vertebra of FIG. 58;

FIG. 63 is a left lateral view of the implant and vertebra of FIG. 58;

FIG. 64 is a top view of another insertion and expansion instrument;

FIG. 65 is a cross-sectional view of the instrument of FIG. 64, takenalong line 65-65 of FIG. 64;

FIG. 66 is a proximal detail cross-sectional view of the instrument ofFIG. 65;

FIG. 67 is a distal detail cross-sectional view of the instrument ofFIG. 65;

FIG. 68 is a perspective view of the instrument of FIG. 64;

FIG. 69 is another perspective view of the instrument of FIG. 64, from adifferent direction;

FIG. 70 is an exploded perspective view of the instrument of FIG. 64;

FIG. 71 is another exploded perspective view of the instrument of FIG.64, from a different direction;

FIG. 72 is an exploded perspective view of a ratchet mechanism of theinstrument of FIG. 64;

FIG. 73 is another exploded perspective view of the ratchet mechanism ofFIG. 72, from a different direction;

FIG. 74 is an exploded perspective view of a shaft assembly of theinstrument of FIG. 64;

FIG. 75 is another exploded perspective view of the shaft assembly ofFIG. 74, from a different direction;

FIG. 76 is an exploded perspective view of a lock tube assembly of theinstrument of FIG. 64;

FIG. 77 is another exploded perspective view of the lock tube assemblyof FIG. 76, from a different direction;

FIG. 78 is an exploded perspective view of a draw bar assembly of theinstrument of FIG. 64;

FIG. 79 is another exploded perspective view of the draw bar assembly ofFIG. 78, from a different direction;

FIG. 80 is an exploded perspective view of a handle, a lock lever, astop screw, and a release ring of the instrument of FIG. 64;

FIG. 81 is another exploded perspective view of the handle, lock lever,stop screw, and release ring of FIG. 80, from a different direction;

FIG. 82 is a proximal end view of an inserter handle of the instrumentof FIG. 70;

FIG. 83 is a distal end view of the inserter handle of the instrument ofFIG. 70;

FIG. 84 is a right side view of the inserter handle of the instrument ofFIG. 70;

FIG. 85 is a left side view of the inserter handle of the instrument ofFIG. 70;

FIG. 86 is a top view of another insertion and expansion instrumentcoupled to another expandable intervertebral implant;

FIG. 87 is a side view of the instrument and implant of FIG. 86;

FIG. 88 is a cross-sectional view of the instrument and implant of FIG.87, taken along line 88-88 of FIG. 87;

FIG. 89 is a cross-sectional view of the instrument and implant of FIG.86, taken along line 89-89 of FIG. 86;

FIG. 90 is a perspective view of the instrument of FIG. 86;

FIG. 91 is another perspective view of the instrument of FIG. 86, from adifferent direction;

FIG. 92 is a perspective view of an inserter connector of the instrumentof FIG. 86;

FIG. 93 is another perspective view of the inserter connector of FIG.92, from a different direction;

FIG. 94 is a perspective view of a connector plate of the instrument ofFIG. 86;

FIG. 95 is another perspective view of the connector plate of FIG. 94,from a different direction;

FIG. 96 is a perspective view of an inserter shaft of the instrument ofFIG. 86;

FIG. 97 is another perspective view of the inserter shaft of FIG. 96,from a different direction;

FIG. 98 is a perspective view of an implant retainer shaft of theinstrument of FIG. 86;

FIG. 99 is another perspective view of the implant retainer shaft ofFIG. 98, from a different direction;

FIG. 100 is a perspective view of connector buttons of the instrument ofFIG. 86;

FIG. 101 is another perspective view of the connector buttons of FIG.100, from a different direction;

FIG. 102 is a perspective view of a thumb wheel of the instrument ofFIG. 86;

FIG. 103 is another perspective view of the thumb wheel of FIG. 102,from a different direction;

FIG. 104 is a perspective view of a wheel axle of the instrument of FIG.86;

FIG. 105 is another perspective view of the wheel axle of FIG. 104, froma different direction;

FIG. 106 is a perspective view of an inserter handle of the instrumentof FIG. 86;

FIG. 107 is another perspective view of the inserter handle of FIG. 106,from a different direction;

FIG. 109 is a perspective view of a strike plate of the instrument ofFIG. 86;

FIG. 110 is another perspective view of the strike plate of FIG. 109,from a different direction;

FIG. 111 is a perspective view of a spline insert of the instrument ofFIG. 86;

FIG. 112 is another perspective view of the spline insert of FIG. Ill,from a different direction;

FIG. 113 is a perspective view of a rotation lock ring of the instrumentof FIG. 86;

FIG. 114 is another perspective view of the rotation lock ring of FIG.113, from a different direction;

FIG. 115 is a perspective view of a cam lever of the instrument of FIG.86;

FIG. 116 is another perspective view of the cam lever of FIG. 115, froma different direction;

FIG. 117 is a perspective view of a slider button of the instrument ofFIG. 86;

FIG. 118 is another perspective view of the slider button of FIG. 117,from a different direction;

FIG. 119 is a side view of the slider button of FIG. 117;

FIG. 120 is a perspective view of a threaded slider of the instrument ofFIG. 86;

FIG. 121 is another perspective view of the threaded slider of FIG. 120,from a different direction;

FIG. 122 is a perspective view of a knob top part of the instrument ofFIG. 86;

FIG. 123 is another perspective view of the knob top part of FIG. 122,from a different direction;

FIG. 124 is a perspective view of a knob bottom part of the instrumentof FIG. 86;

FIG. 125 is another perspective view of the knob bottom part of FIG.124, from a different direction;

FIG. 126 is a perspective view of a draw bar assembly for use with theinstrument of FIG. 86;

FIG. 127 is another perspective view of the draw bar assembly of FIG.126, from a different direction;

FIG. 128 is an exploded perspective view of the draw bar assembly ofFIG. 126;

FIG. 129 is another exploded perspective view of the draw bar assemblyof FIG. 126, from a different direction;

FIG. 130 is a perspective view of a trial assembly for use with theinstrument of FIG. 86;

FIG. 131 is another perspective view of the trial assembly of FIG. 130,from a different direction;

FIG. 132 is an exploded perspective view of the trial assembly of FIG.130;

FIG. 133 is another exploded perspective view of the trial assembly ofFIG. 130, from a different direction;

FIG. 134 is a perspective view of a funnel for use with the instrumentof FIG. 86;

FIG. 135 is another perspective view of the funnel of FIG. 134, from adifferent direction;

FIG. 136 is a perspective view of a screwdriver assembly for use withthe instrument of FIG. 86;

FIG. 137 is another perspective view of the screwdriver assembly of FIG.136, from a different direction;

FIG. 138 is an exploded perspective view of the screwdriver assembly ofFIG. 136;

FIG. 139 is another exploded perspective view of the screwdriverassembly of FIG. 136, from a different direction;

FIG. 140 is a rear or second end view of the implant of FIG. 86 in acollapsed configuration;

FIG. 141 is a top view of the implant of FIG. 86;

FIG. 142 is a side view of the implant of FIG. 86;

FIG. 143 is a perspective view of the trial assembly of FIG. 130adjacent a vertebral body;

FIG. 144 is a distal detail perspective view of the trial assembly andvertebral body of FIG. 143;

FIG. 145 is a perspective view of the instrument and implant of FIG. 86coupled to the draw bar assembly of FIG. 126, the slider button of theinstrument in a proximal position;

FIG. 146 is a distal detail perspective view of the instrument andimplant of FIG. 145;

FIG. 147 is a perspective view of the instrument, draw bar assembly, andimplant of FIG. 145, the slider button of the instrument in a distalposition;

FIG. 148 is a distal detail perspective view of the instrument andimplant of FIG. 147;

FIG. 149 is a perspective view of the instrument, draw bar assembly, andimplant of FIG. 144, the implant adjacent a vertebral body and in alaterally expanded configuration;

FIG. 150 is a distal detail perspective view of the instrument, implant,and vertebra of FIG. 149;

FIG. 151 is a perspective view of the instrument, draw bar assembly, andimplant of FIG. 149, the implant adjacent a vertebral body and in alaterally and vertically expanded configuration;

FIG. 152 is a distal detail perspective view of the instrument, implant,and vertebra of FIG. 151;

FIG. 153 is a perspective view of the instrument, draw bar assembly, andimplant of FIG. 151, the implant adjacent a vertebral body and in alaterally and vertically expanded configuration, the slider button ofthe instrument released;

FIG. 154 is a distal detail perspective view of the instrument, implant,and vertebra of FIG. 153;

FIG. 155 is a perspective view of the instrument, draw bar assembly, andimplant of FIG. 153, the implant adjacent a vertebral body and in alaterally and vertically expanded configuration, the slider button inthe proximal position;

FIG. 156 is a distal detail perspective view of the instrument, implant,and vertebra of FIG. 155;

FIG. 157 is a perspective view of the instrument and implant of FIG.155, the implant in a laterally and vertically expanded configuration, ahandle assembly of the instrument partially removed from a shaftassembly of the instrument;

FIG. 158 is a perspective view of the shaft assembly and implant of FIG.157, the implant adjacent a vertebral body and in a laterally andvertically expanded configuration, with the funnel of FIG. 134 and thetamp assembly of FIG. 27 coupled to the shaft assembly;

FIG. 159 is a perspective view of the shaft assembly, implant, andfunnel of FIG. 158, the implant adjacent a vertebral body and in alaterally and vertically expanded configuration, with the screwdriverassembly of FIG. 136 coupled to the lockout screw of FIG. 43 andoriented for insertion into the shaft assembly;

FIG. 160 is a perspective view of the implant and lockout screw of FIG.159 adjacent a vertebral body and in a laterally and vertically expandedconfiguration;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary embodiments of the technology will be best understood byreference to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated by likenumerals throughout. It will be readily understood that the componentsof the technology, as generally described and illustrated in the FIGS.herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of differentconfigurations. Thus, the following more detailed description of theembodiments of the apparatus, system, and method is not intended tolimit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merelyrepresentative of exemplary embodiments of the technology.

The phrases “connected to,” “coupled to” and “in communication with”refer to any form of interaction between two or more entities, includingmechanical, electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, fluid, and thermalinteraction. Two components may be functionally coupled to each othereven though they are not in direct contact with each other. The term“abutting” refers to items that are in direct physical contact with eachother, although the items may not necessarily be attached together. Thephrase “fluid communication” refers to two features that are connectedsuch that a fluid within one feature is able to pass into the otherfeature.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example,instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as“exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred oradvantageous over other embodiments. While the various aspects of theembodiments are presented in drawings, the drawings are not necessarilydrawn to scale unless specifically indicated.

Standard medical planes of reference and descriptive terminology areemployed in this specification. A sagittal plane divides a body intoright and left portions. A mid-sagittal plane divides the body intobilaterally symmetric right and left halves. A coronal plane divides abody into anterior and posterior portions. A transverse plane divides abody into superior and inferior portions. Anterior means toward thefront of the body. Posterior means toward the back of the body. Superiormeans toward the head. Inferior means toward the feet. Medial meanstoward the midline of the body. Lateral means away from the midline ofthe body. Axial means toward a central axis of the body. Abaxial meansaway from a central axis of the body. Ipsilateral means on the same sideof the body. Contralateral means on the opposite side of the body.Proximal means located toward a center of a body, or toward a user.Distal means located away from the center of the body, or away from auser. These descriptive terms may be applied to an animate or inanimatebody.

Standard spinal descriptive terminology is used herein with the ordinaryand customary meanings.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, an instrument 100 for insertion andexpansion of an intervertebral implant is disclosed. The instrument 100extends from a proximal end 105 to a distal end 107 along a longitudinalinstrument axis 102. The instrument 100 includes a handle portion 108and a shaft portion 110. In FIG. 2, an expandable intervertebral implant1000 is connected to the instrument distal end 107 and a draw barassembly 160 is received in the instrument 100 for expansion of theimplant.

Referring to FIGS. 3-8, components and features of instrument 100 aredisclosed. As seen in FIGS. 3 and 6, instrument 100 includes a lockcollar 120 attachable to a shuttle 122. A proximal lock tube 124 extendsdistally from the shuttle 122, and a distal lock tube 126 extendsdistally from the proximal lock tube. A lock tube coupling 128 couplesthe proximal and distal lock tubes 124,126 together. The lock collar120, shuttle 122, and proximal and distal lock tubes 124,126 arecannulated, surrounding a longitudinal instrument bore 112 extendingalong the longitudinal instrument axis 102. As seen in FIGS. 3 and 7, athreaded driver 130, standoff 132, and standoff nut 134 are coupled tothe shuttle 122. An inserter shaft 136 extends distally from lock tubecoupling 128, and an inserter connector 138 is at the distal end of theinserter shaft 136. The outer inserter shaft 136 may include one or moreopenings that aid in cleaning the instrument. As seen in FIGS. 3 and 8,the fully assembled instrument further includes an expansion knob 140,inserter handle 142, selector ring 144, and impaction cap 146. Markingsor indicia 248 on the shuttle 122 or another component may provideindication when a particular step of implant expansion is attained. Inone example the words “collapsed”, “lateral” and “vertical” may beindicated when the implant is in collapsed, laterally expanded, andvertically expanded configurations, respectively. In other embodiments,letters, numbers, symbols, or other markings may be used to indicatestages of insertion and/or expansion.

Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, the instrument 100 may include a shuttleassembly 114, a standoff nut 134, an inserter handle 142, a selectorring 144, an expansion knob 140, a threaded driver 130, a shaft assembly116, a standoff 132, and a lock tube assembly 118.

Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, the shuttle assembly 114 may include ashuttle 122 and a lock collar 120.

The shuttle 122 extends between a proximal end 184 and a distal end 186.The proximal end may include a head 188. A shaft 192 may extend from thehead 188 toward the distal end 186. The head 188 may be wider than theshaft 192, as shown.

The head 188 may include, from proximal to distal, first, second, third(FIG. 6), and fourth levels 194,196,198, 202. The first level 194 mayhave a generally rectangular cross section and may overhang the shaft192 on three sides, as shown. The first level 194 may include a tab 204that protrudes from a first side of the first level. The tab 204 may beflanked by bilateral teeth 206, 208 that may also protrude from thefirst side of the first level. The teeth 206, 208 may be smaller and/orshorter than the tab 204. Bilateral indentations 210, 212 may be presentbetween the tab 204 and the teeth 206, 208. The second and thirdoverhanging sides 214, 216 of the first level 194 may be flat. A hole234 may extend through the tab 204 and may be parallel to the shaft 192.Bilateral holes 236, 238 may extend into the first level 194 oppositethe tab 204. Hole 236 is visible in FIG. 12; hole 238 is hidden by thesecond level 196. The second level 196 may have a generally rectangularcross section and may overhang the shaft 192 all around. The secondlevel 196 may include the tab 204, the teeth 206, 208, and theindentations 210, 212 arranged on a first overhanging side of the secondlevel. Second and third overhanging sides 218, 220 may be flat, and maybe parallel to the sides 214, 216. The side 218 may be recessed relativeto the side 214 to form a ledge 222. The side 220 may be recessedrelative to the side 216 to form a ledge 224. A fourth overhanging side226 may include a shallow central indentation 228 opposite the tab 204.The third level 198 (FIG. 6) may have a circular cross section and mayinclude a circumferential groove 230. The fourth level 202 may have acircular cross section and may include a circumferential flange 232.

The shaft 192 may include, from proximal to distal, first, second,third, and fourth outer portions 240, 242, 244, 246. The first outerportion 240 may have a circular cross section and may include indicia248 (FIG. 6) such as lines and/or text to indicate various implantconfigurations, such as collapsed, laterally expanded, and/or verticallyexpanded. The outer diameter of the first outer portion 240 may be equalto the minor diameter in the groove 230. The second outer portion 242may include external threads 250. The major diameter of the threads 250may be equal to the outer diameter of the first outer portion 240. Thethird outer portion 244 may have a circular cross section. The outerdiameter of the third outer portion 244 may be smaller than the minordiameter of the threads 250. The fourth outer portion 246 may have agenerally rectangular cross section. The cross section may be squarewith rounded corners as shown. Two opposite flat sides of the fourthouter portion 246 may be parallel to the sides 214, 216 and/or the sides218, 220. The width across the flat sides may be equal to the outerdiameter of the third outer portion 244. The width across the roundedcorners may be greater than the outer diameter of the third outerportion 244 and may be less than the outer diameter of the first outerportion 240.

The shuttle 122 may include a central longitudinal hole 252 that extendsthrough the shuttle between the proximal end 184 and the distal end 186.The hole 252 may include, from proximal to distal, first, second, third,fourth (FIG. 5), and fifth inner portions 254, 256, 258, 260, 262. Eachof these inner portions may have a circular cross section. The firstinner portion 254 may extend into the proximal end 184 through the firstlevel 194 and may end at the second level 196. The first inner portion254 may be referred to as a counterbore associated with the second innerportion 256. The first inner portion 254 may break through the side ofthe first level 194 opposite the tab 204. The second inner portion 256may extend through the second level 196. The diameter of the secondinner portion 256 may be less than the diameter of the first innerportion 254. The third inner portion 258 may extend through the thirdand fourth levels 198, 202 and most of the first outer portion 240, andmay end just proximal to the second outer portion 242. There may be ashort conical tapered transition between the second inner portion 256and the third inner portion 258. The diameter of the third inner portion258 may be less than the diameter of the first inner portion 254 and maybe greater than the diameter of the second inner portion 256. The fourthinner portion 260 (FIG. 5) may extend between the third and fifth innerportions 258, 262. The fourth inner portion 260 may begin just proximalto the second outer portion 242 and may end just distal to the firstouter portion 240. There may be a short conical tapered transitionbetween the third inner portion 258 and the fourth inner portion 260.The diameter of the fourth inner portion 260 may be less than thediameter of the second inner portion 256. The fifth inner portion 262may extend into the distal end 186 through the fourth and third outerportions 246, 244 and most of the second outer portion 242, and may endjust distal to the first outer portion 240. The diameter of the fifthinner portion 262 may be less than the diameter of the first innerportion 254 and may be greater than the diameter of the second innerportion 256. The diameter of the fifth inner portion 262 may be equal tothe diameter of the third inner portion 258.

The lock collar 120 extends between a proximal side 264 and a distalside 266. The lock collar 120 may have a generally D-shaped profile in aproximal view, with a curved side 268 and three substantially flat sides270, 272, 274. The proximal side 264 may be flat. A central hole 276 mayextend through the lock collar 120 between the proximal side 264 and thedistal side 266. The hole 276 may be non-circular in a proximal view.The hole 276 may include a first curved side 278, flat tapered sides280, 282, flat parallel sides 284, 286, and a second curved side 288.Transitional fillet surfaces may be present between some or all of thesides 278, 280, 282, 284, 286, 288. A conical surface 290 may beassociated with the first curved side 278, and may taper into the hole276 from the proximal side 264. A slot 292 may extend through the lockcollar 120 from the proximal side 264 to the distal side 266. The slot292 may be located between the curved side 268 and the first curved side278 and may be elongated in a direction from the curved side 268 to theflat side 272. The distal side 266 may include bilateral feet 294, 296that protrude distally on either side of the hole 276. The foot 294 maybe associated with the flat side 270. The foot 296 may be associatedwith the flat side 274. In a distal view, the outer profile of thecurved side 268 may be concentric with the outer profiles of the feet294, 296. The inner profiles of the feet 294, 296 may be flat andparallel to each other, and may also be parallel to the flat sides 270,274. The feet 294, 296 may be undercut. An undercut groove 298 mayextend along the inner profile of the foot 294 and an undercut groove346 may extend along the inner profile of the foot 296. Taken together,the feet 294, 296 and undercut grooves 298, 346 may form a T-slot acrossthe distal side 266. The distal side 266 may include a first surface 348that is proximal to the distal aspect of the feet 294, 296. The firstsurface 348 may be at the same or a similar level as the distal-mostsurfaces of the undercut grooves 298, 346. The distal side 266 mayinclude a second surface 350 that is proximal to the first surface 348.The second surface 350 may be at the same or a similar level as theproximal-most surfaces of the undercut grooves 298, 346. Bilateral holes352, 354 (not shown) may extend into the lock collar, between the firstsurface 348 and the second surface 350, along a direction from thecurved side 268 to the flat side 272. The bilateral holes 352, 354 maybe complementary to the bilateral holes 236, 238 in the head 188 of theshuttle 122. The flat side 272 may include friction features 356, suchas alternating ridges and grooves, knurling, grit blast, or the like.

The shuttle assembly 114 may be assembled by orienting the lock collar120 relative to the head 188 of the shuttle 122 so that the proximal end184 and the proximal side 264 face the same way, the side 226 and theside 272 face the same way, and the sides 218, 220 are aligned betweenthe feet 294, 296; and sliding the lock collar 120 along a directionfrom the flat side 272 to the curved side 268 so that the first level194 is received in the undercut grooves 298, 346 and the second level196 is received between the feet 294, 296. Bilateral pins or compressionsprings (not shown) may be inserted into the bilateral holes 236, 238and 352, 354. A pin (not shown) may be inserted through the slot 292 andinto the hole 234. When compression springs are inserted in the holes236, 238 and 352, 354 and a pin is inserted through the slot 292 andinto the hole 234, the springs bias the lock collar 120 toward aposition in which the pin contacts the end of the slot 292 that isclosest to the outer curved side 268.

Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, the standoff nut 134 extends between aproximal side 358 and a distal side 360. The standoff nut 134 may be agenerally cylindrical part. The proximal side 358 may include acircumferential outer chamfer 362 and/or bilateral notches 364, 366.Each notch may include a longitudinal surface 368 and a transversesurface 370. The distal side 360 may include a circumferential outerchamfer 372. A central hole 374 may extend through the standoff nut 134between the proximal side 358 and the distal side 360. The hole 374 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, and third innerportions 376, 378, 380. The first inner portion 376 may have a circularcross section. The second inner portion 378 may have a circular crosssection, and may have a larger diameter than the first portion 376. Thesecond inner portion 378 may have a flat proximal end. The third innerportion 380 may have internal threads, which may have a major diameterthe same or similar to the diameter of the second portion 378. The hole374 may include an inner chamfer 382 at the distal side 360.

Referring to FIGS. 5,9,10,13, and 14, the inserter handle 142 extendsbetween a proximal end 384 and a distal end 386. The inserter handle 142may be generally circular in cross section. The inserter handle 142 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, third, fourth, fifth,and sixth outer portions 388, 390, 392, 394, 396, 398. The first outerportion 388 may be cylindrical with external threads. The second outerportion 390 may be cylindrical with a diameter that may be the same orsimilar to the minor diameter of the external threads of the first outerportion 388. The third outer portion 392 may be cylindrical with adiameter that may be greater than the major diameter of the externalthreads of the first outer portion 388. The fourth outer portion 394 maybe generally hourglass-shaped and may include friction features 400,such as longitudinal grooves, alternating ridges and grooves, knurling,grit blast, or the like. The fifth outer portion 396 may be cylindricalwith a diameter that may be greater than the diameter of the third outerportion 392. The fifth outer portion 396 may include indicia 402, suchas a distally-pointing arrow as shown, and/or an outer chamfer 404. Thesixth outer portion 398 may be cylindrical with a diameter that may bethe same or similar to the diameter of the second outer portion 390. Thesixth outer portion 398 may include a short base portion 406 which maybe directly adjacent to the fifth outer portion 396, and a collarportion 408 which is at the distal end 386. The collar portion 408 maybe horseshoe-shaped or C- shaped in cross section, with an open sidethat faces the distally-pointing arrow indicium 402. Bilateral holes410, 412 may extend proximally into the ends of the collar portion 408(the ends of the C-shape).

The inserter handle 142 may include a central longitudinal hole 414 thatextends through the inserter handle between the proximal end 384 and thedistal end 386. The hole 414 may include, from proximal to distal,first, second, third, fourth, and fifth inner portions 416, 418, 420,422, 424. The first inner portion 416 may have a circular cross sectionand may extend distally through the first and second outer portions 388,390 and most of the third outer portion 392, and may end proximal to thefourth outer portion 394. The second inner portion 418 may have agenerally rectangular cross section. The cross section may be squarewith rounded corners as shown, and the open side of the collar portion408 may face one of the flat sides. The width across the flat sides andthe width across the rounded corners may each be less than the diameterof the first inner portion 416. The second inner portion 418 may extendto a location that is near the middle of the overall proximal-distallength of the inserter handle 142. The third inner portion 420 may havea circular cross section. The diameter of the third inner portion 420may be the same or similar to the width across the flat sides of thesecond inner portion 418. The third inner portion 420 may end justproximal to the sixth outer portion 398. The fourth inner portion 422may have a circular cross section. The diameter of the fourth innerportion 422 may be less than the width across the flat sides of thesecond inner portion 418 or the diameter of the third inner portion 420.Bilateral longitudinal grooves 426, 428 may extend along the fourthinner portion 422. The width across the grooves 426, 428 may be the sameor similar to the width across the flat sides of the second innerportion 418 or the diameter of the third inner portion 420. The groove428 may point into the open side of the collar portion 408, near the endwith the hole 412. The grooves 426, 428 may point into the roundedcorners of the second inner portion 418. The fourth inner portion 422may end just distal to the fifth outer portion 396, or near the middleof the overall proximal-distal length of the base portion 406. The fifthinner portion 424 may have a circular cross section and may becontinuous with the inner wall of the collar portion 408. The diameterof the fifth inner portion 424 may be less than the width across therounded corners of the second inner portion 418, greater than the widthacross the flat sides of the second inner portion or the diameter of thethird inner portion 420, and greater than the width across the grooves426,428. The fifth inner portion 424 may be referred to as a shallowcounterbore associated with the fourth inner portion 422.

Referring to FIGS. 9, 10, and 15, the selector ring 144 extends betweena proximal side 430 and a distal side 432. The selector ring 144 mayinclude an outer ring 434, an inner ring 436 within the outer ring, andan arm 438 that connects the inner ring to the outer ring. The outerring 434 may be a generally cylindrical part with flat proximal anddistal sides 430, 432. The outer surface of the outer ring 434 mayinclude a longitudinal groove 440 and a longitudinal rib 442. Theillustrated example includes four longitudinal grooves 440, 444, 446,448 and three longitudinal ribs 442, 450, 452. The outer surface of theouter ring 434 may also include indicia 454 such as lines, text, and/oricons as shown to indicate various settings, such as a locked setting,an unlocked setting, and a setting for cleaning. The inner surface ofthe outer ring 434 may be cylindrical. The inner ring 436 may be agenerally cylindrical part with flat proximal and distal sides 456, 458.The proximal side 456 may be recessed relative to the proximal side 430and the distal side 458 may be recessed relative to the distal side 432.The outer surface of the inner ring 436 may be cylindrical as shown. Theinner surface of the inner ring 436 may be cylindrical with bilaterallongitudinal rectangular grooves 460, 462. The arm 438 may extendbetween the inner surface of the outer ring 434 and the outer surface ofthe inner ring 436. The arm 438 may be aligned with the groove 462. Thearm 438 may have a longitudinal hole 464 that extends between theproximal and distal sides 456, 458.

Referring to FIGS. 9,10,16, and 17, the expansion knob 140 extendsbetween a proximal end 466 and a distal end 468. The expansion knob 140may be generally circular in cross section. The expansion knob 140 maybe wider toward the proximal end 466 and narrower toward the distal end468. The expansion knob 140 may include friction features 470, such aslongitudinal grooves, alternating ridges and grooves, knurling, gritblast, or the like. Bilateral tabs 472, 474 may extend proximally. Thetabs 472, 474 may have circular outer and inner profiles. The outersides of the tabs 472, 474 may include indicia 476, such as transverselines as shown. Bilateral holes 478, 480 may extend distally into theexpansion knob 140 and may be located between the tabs 472, 474 (i.e.,rotated 90 degrees away from the tabs). The holes 478, 480 may includeproximal counterbores.

The expansion knob 140 may include a central longitudinal hole 482 thatextends through the expansion knob between the proximal end 466 and thedistal end 468. The hole 482 may include, from proximal to distal,first, second, third, and fourth inner portions 484, 486, 488, 490. Thefirst inner portion 484 may have a circular cross section. The firstinner portion 484 may extend distally about one third of the overallproximal-distal length of the expansion knob 140. The second innerportion 486 may have a generally rectangular cross section. The crosssection may be square with rounded corners as shown. The width acrossthe flat sides and the width across the rounded corners may each begreater than the diameter of the first inner portion 484. The secondinner portion 486 may extend distally about one third of the overallproximal-distal length of the expansion knob 140, in other words, thesecond inner portion may occupy the middle third of the overallproximal-distal length of the expansion knob. The third inner portion488 may have a circular cross section. The diameter of the third innerportion 488 may be greater than the width across the rounded corners ofthe second inner portion 486. The third inner portion 488 may end justproximal to the distal end 468. The fourth inner portion 490 may have acircular cross section. The diameter of the fourth inner portion 490 maybe the same, similar to, or greater than the width across the roundedcorners of the second inner portion 486 and less than the diameter ofthe third inner portion 488. The fourth inner portion 490 may form ashallow undercut with the third inner portion 488.

Referring to FIGS. 9,10,18, and 19, the threaded driver 130 extendsbetween a proximal end 492 and a distal end 494. The threaded driver 130may be referred to as an actuator. The threaded driver 130 may be arectangular solid, and may be a cube. Referring to FIGS. 18 and 19, thethreaded driver 130 may have rounded corners in a proximal or distalview. Bilateral holes 496, 498 may extend into the proximal end 492about a third of the overall proximal-distal length of the threadeddriver 130. The holes 496,498 may be located in opposite corners of theproximal end 492. The proximal ends of the holes 496, 498 may includeshallow countersinks. The threaded driver 130 may include a centrallongitudinal hole 500 that extends through the threaded driver betweenthe proximal end 492 and the distal end 494. The hole 500 may include,from proximal to distal, first, second, third, fourth, and fifth innerportions 502, 504,506,508, 510. The first inner portion 502 may be ashallow conical countersink around the hole 500 in the proximal end 492.The second inner portion 504 may be a shallow cylindrical counterbore.The third inner portion 506 may include internal threads 512 thatreceive the external threads 250 of the shuttle 122. Referring to FIGS.18 and 19, the cross-sectional shape of the third inner portion 506 maybe the superposition of a circle defining the minor diameter of theinternal threads 512 and a rectangle. The minor diameter of the internalthreads 512 may be smaller than the diameter of the second inner portion504. The major diameter of the internal threads 512 may be greater thanthe diameter of the second inner portion 504. The rectangle may be asquare, and may have rounded corners. The width across the flat sidesmay be slightly less than the minor diameter of the internal threads512. The width across the corners may be slightly less than the majordiameter of the internal threads 512. The fourth inner portion 508 maybe a shallow cylindrical counterbore, with a diameter greater than theminor diameter of the internal threads 512 and less than the majordiameter of the internal threads 512. The diameter of the fourth innerportion 508 may be equal to, or similar to, the diameter of the secondinner portion 504. The fifth inner portion 510 may be a shallowcounterbore around the hole 500 in the distal end 494, with a diametergreater than the major diameter of the internal threads 512.

Referring to FIGS. 9,10, 22, and 23, the shaft assembly 116 may includean impaction cap 146, an inserter connector 138, and an inserter shaft136.

The impaction cap 146 extends between a proximal side 514 and a distalside 516. The impaction cap 146 may be circular in a proximal or distalview. The impaction cap 146 may include, from proximal to distal, first,second, and third outer portions 518, 520, 522. The first outer portion518 may be cylindrical. The second outer portion 520 may be conical, andmay be referred to as a chamfer. The third outer portion 522 may becylindrical, and may have a diameter greater than the diameter of thefirst outer portion 518. An outer distal edge of the third outer portion522 may be rounded. Indicia 524, such as the mark 524 shown in FIG. 22,may be included on the third outer portion 522. One or more dimples 526may be included in the proximal side; three evenly spaced dimples 526,528, 530 are shown. The middle dimple 528 may be aligned with the mark524. Bilateral holes 532, 534 may extend through the impaction cap 146between the proximal and distal sides 514, 516. The holes 532, 534 maybe symmetrically located relative to the mark 524. Referring to FIG. 23,each hole 532, 534 may include a conical distal countersink. A centralhole 536 may extend through the impaction cap 146 between the proximaland distal sides 514, 516.

The inserter connector 138 extends between a proximal end 538 and adistal end 540. The proximal end 538 may be circular in a proximal view.A notch 542 may be present in an outer proximal edge of the proximal end538. The notch 542 may be rounded or semicircular in a side view. Thedistal end 540 may be rectangular in a distal view. The distal end 540may have rounded corners in the distal view. The major dimension(length) of the rectangle may be aligned with the notch 542. Theinserter connector 138 may include a central longitudinal hole 544 thatextends through the inserter connector between the proximal end 538 andthe distal end 540. The hole 544 may include, from proximal to distal,first, second, and third inner portions 546, 548, 550. The first innerportion 546 may have a circular cross section and may extend distallyabout one third of the overall proximal- distal length of the inserterconnector 138. The first inner portion 546 may have a flat distal end.The second inner portion 548 may have a circular cross section with adiameter less than the first inner portion 546. The second inner portion548 may extend distally about one third of the overall proximal-distallength of the inserter connector 138. Referring to FIG. 23, thecross-sectional shape of the third inner portion 550 may be thesuperposition of a circle and a rectangle. The diameter of the circlemay be less than the diameter of the first inner portion 546 and greaterthan the diameter of the second inner portion 548. The major dimension(length) of the rectangle may be greater than the diameter of the firstinner portion 546, and may be aligned with the major dimension (length)of the rectangle of the distal end 540. The minor dimension (width) ofthe rectangle may be less than the diameter of the circle, and may beless than the diameter of the second inner portion 548. The rectanglemay have rounded corners. The third inner portion 550 may have a flatproximal end. An inner distal edge of the rectangle may be chamfered.

The inserter shaft 136 extends between a proximal end 552 and a distalend 554. The inserter shaft 136 may be a tubular part with circularouter and inner cross-sectional shapes. The inserter shaft 136 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, and third outerportions 556, 558, 560. The first outer portion 556 may include a pairof shaped slots 562, 564 which each include an approximately 90° bend.The slots 562, 564 may extend longitudinally into the proximal end 552before making the approximately 90° bend. Each slot 562, 564 may extendthrough one wall of the first outer portion 556. The outer diameter ofthe second outer portion 558 may be greater than the outer diameter ofthe first outer portion 556. The second outer portion 558 may occupymost of the overall proximal-distal length of the inserter shaft 136.The second outer portion 558 may include one or more openings 566. Fouropenings 566 are shown evenly spaced along the length of the secondouter portion 558. Each opening 566 may extend through one wall of thesecond outer portion 558, or through both walls as shown. The secondouter portion 558 may include one or more indicia or markings. Threeindicia are shown, from proximal to distal: a sideways “8” 568, alongitudinal line 570, and a set of numerals and transverse lines 572.The indicia may be repeated on the opposite side of the second outerportion 558 as shown in FIGS. 22 and 23. The outer diameter of the thirdouter portion 560 may be less than the outer diameter of the first outerportion 556. The inserter shaft 136 may include a central longitudinalhole 574 that extends through the inserter shaft between the proximalend 552 and the distal end 554. The hole 574 may be chamfered around itsproximal inner edge. The diameter of the hole 574 may be the same as, orsimilar to, the diameter of the second inner portion 548 of the inserterconnector.

The shaft assembly 116 may be assembled by inserting the first outerportion 556 of the inserter shaft 136 into the central hole 536 of theimpaction cap 146 so that the proximal side 514 and the proximal end 552face the same direction, the distal side 516 abuts the proximal end ofthe second outer portion 558, and the mark 524 is aligned with thesideways “8” 568 and/or the longitudinal line 570; and by inserting thethird outer portion 560 of the inserter shaft 136 into the first innerportion 546 of the inserter connector 138 so that the major dimension ofthe rectangle of the distal end 540 is transverse to, or perpendicularto, the sideways “8” 568 and/or the longitudinal line 570. The shaftassembly 116 may be a weldment. Alternatively, the impaction cap 146,inserter connector 138, and/or inserter shaft 136 may be combined into asingle part.

Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, the standoff 132 extends between a proximalend 576 and a distal end 578. The standoff 132 may be a tubular partwith circular outer and inner cross-sectional shapes. The standoff 132may include, from proximal to distal, first and second outer portions580, 582. The first outer portion 580 may extend over most of theoverall proximal-distal length of the standoff 132. The outer diameterof the second outer portion 580 may be greater than the outer diameterof the first outer portion 580 so that the second outer portion 580forms a flange around the distal end 578. The standoff 132 may include acentral longitudinal hole 584 that extends through the standoff betweenthe proximal end 576 and the distal end 578.

Referring to FIGS. 9, 10, 24, and 25, the lock tube assembly 118 mayinclude a proximal lock tube 124, a proximal lock tube end part 148, adistal lock tube 126, and a lock tube coupling 128.

The proximal lock tube 124 extends between a proximal end 586 and adistal end 588. The proximal lock tube 124 may be a tubular part withcircular outer and inner cross-sectional shapes. The proximal lock tube124 may include, from proximal to distal, first and second outerportions 590, 592. The first outer portion 590 may extend distally ashort distance. The diameter of the second outer portion 592 may begreater than the diameter of the first outer portion 590. The secondouter portion 592 may extend over most of the overall proximal-distallength of the proximal lock tube 124. The proximal lock tube 124 mayinclude a central longitudinal hole 594 that extends through theproximal lock tube between the proximal end 586 and the distal end 588.The hole 594 may be chamfered around its proximal inner edge.

The proximal lock tube end part 148 extends between a proximal end 596and a distal end 598. The proximal lock tube end part 148 may be atubular part with circular outer and inner cross-sectional shapes. Theproximal lock tube end part 148 may include, from proximal to distal,first, second, and third outer portions 600, 602, 604. The first outerportion 600 may extend distally a short distance, and may include achamfer around its proximal outer edge. The diameter of the second outerportion 602 may be less than the diameter of the first outer portion600. The second outer portion 602 may also extend distally a shortdistance. The diameter of the third outer portion 604 may be greaterthan the diameter of the second outer portion 602, and may be equal tothe diameter of the first outer portion 600. Thus, the second outerportion 602 may be referred to as an exterior groove around the proximalend 596. There may be a short tapered transition between the distal endof the second outer portion 602 and the proximal end of the third outerportion 604. The proximal lock tube end part 148 may include a centrallongitudinal hole 606 that extends through the proximal lock tube endpart between the proximal end 596 and the distal end 598. The hole 606may include a chamfer 608 around its proximal inner edge, and mayinclude a distal counterbore 610. The inner diameter of the hole 606 maybe the same as, or similar to, the inner diameter of the hole 594.

The distal lock tube 126 extends between a proximal end 612 and a distalend 614. The distal lock tube 126 may be a tubular part with circularouter and inner cross-sectional shapes. The proximal end 612 may includea transverse notch 616 that extends through both walls of the distallock tube 126. The notch 616 may include a rounded distal end. The notch616 may divide the proximal end 612 into a pair of tabs 618, 620. Thenotch 616 may step up in width proximally and correspondingly, each tab618, 620 may step down in width proximally to form fingers 622, 624. Thedistal end 614 may be chamfered around its outer distal edge. With briefreference to FIG. 49, the distal end 614 may include a pair of shapedslots 152 which each include an approximately 90° bend. The slots 152may extend longitudinally into the distal end 614 before making theapproximately 90° bend. Each slot 152 may extend through one wall of thedistal lock tube 126. The distal lock tube 126 may include a centrallongitudinal hole 626 that extends through the distal lock tube betweenthe proximal end 612 and the distal end 614. The inner diameter of thehole 626 may be the same as, or similar to, the inner diameter of thehole 594.

Referring to FIGS. 24, 25, 20, and 21, the lock tube coupling 128extends between a proximal end 628 and a distal end 630. The lock tubecoupling 128 may be a tubular part. The lock tube coupling 128 mayinclude a proximal body 632 which may have a circular cross-sectionalouter shape, and may extend distally about half or three-fifths of theoverall proximal-distal length of the lock tube coupling 128. Bilateraltabs 634, 636 may protrude distally from opposite sides of the body 632.The tabs 634, 636 may be inset relative to the outer diameter of thebody 632. The distal portions of the tabs 634, 636 may include posts638, 640, respectively. The posts 638, 640 may protrude outwardly fromthe outer sides of the tabs 634, 636, and may protrude beyond the outerdiameter of the body 632 as shown in FIGS. 20 and 21. The lock tubecoupling 128 may include a central longitudinal hole 642 that extendsthrough the lock tube coupling between the proximal end 628 and thedistal end 630. The hole 642 may include, from proximal to distal,first, second, and third inner portions 644, 646, 648. The first innerportion 644 may have a circular cross section and may extend distallyabout a third of the overall proximal-distal length of the lock tubecoupling 128, or about half of the length of the body 632. The secondinner portion 646 may have a circular cross section with a diameter lessthan the diameter of the first inner portion 644. The diameter of thesecond inner portion 646 may be the same as, or similar to, the innerdiameter of the hole 594. The second inner portion 646 may extenddistally only a short distance as a complete diameter, but sections ofit may extend through the distal end to form the inner sides of the tabs634, 636. The third inner portion 648 may have a non-circular crosssection that includes bilateral alcoves 650, 652 in the distal walls ofthe body 632 between the tabs 634, 636 (in other words, the alcoves 650,652 are located 90° away from the tabs 634, 636).

The lock tube assembly 118 may be assembled by inserting the first outerportion 590 of the proximal lock tube 124 into the distal counterbore610 of the proximal lock tube end part 148; inserting the distal end 588of the proximal lock tube 124 into the first inner portion 644 of thelock tube coupling 128; and inserting the proximal end 612 of the distallock tube 126 into the third inner portion 648 of the lock tube coupling128 so that the fingers 622, 624 are received in the alcoves 650, 652and the tabs 634, 636 are received in the notch 616. The hole 594 of theproximal lock tube 124, the hole 606 of the proximal lock tube end part148, the hole 626 of the distal lock tube 126, and the second innerportion 646 of the hole 642 of the lock tube coupling 128 may togetherform the longitudinal instrument bore 112. The proximal lock tube 124,proximal lock tube end part 148, distal lock tube 126, and lock tubecoupling 128 may be permanently connected, for example by welding.Alternatively, the proximal lock tube 124, proximal lock tube end part148, distal lock tube 126, and/or lock tube coupling 128 may be combinedinto a single part.

The instrument 100 may be assembled by coupling the shaft assembly 116to the lock tube assembly 118; coupling the selector ring 144 to theshaft assembly 116 and lock tube assembly 118; coupling the inserterhandle 142 to the shaft assembly 116, lock tube assembly 118, andselector ring 144; coupling the standoff 132 and the standoff nut 134 tothe shaft assembly 116, lock tube assembly 118, selector ring 144, andinserter handle 142; coupling the threaded driver 130 and the shuttleassembly 114 to the expansion knob 140; coupling the shuttle assembly,threaded driver, and expansion knob 140 to the shaft assembly 116, locktube assembly 118, selector ring 144, and inserter handle 142.

Coupling the shaft assembly 116 to the lock tube assembly 118 mayinclude inserting the distal end 614 of the distal lock tube 126 intothe hole 574 in the proximal end 552 of the inserter shaft 136,advancing the lock tube assembly 118 distally until the posts 638, 640enter the shaped slots 562, 564, and twisting the lock tube assembly 118counterclockwise so that the posts 638, 640 are captured in the shapedslots 562, 564.

Coupling the selector ring 144 to the shaft assembly 116 and lock tubeassembly 118 may include inserting the proximal end 596 of the proximallock tube end part 148 into the inner ring 436 of the selector ring 144and advancing the lock tube assembly 118 proximally until the posts 638,640 enter the grooves 460, 462 and the hole 464 is aligned with themiddle dimple 528. A compression spring or a ball detent may be receivedin the hole 464 to engage the dimples 526, 528, 530.

Coupling the inserter handle 142 to the shaft assembly 116, lock tubeassembly 118, and selector ring 144 may include inserting the proximalend 596 of the proximal lock tube end part 148 into the hole 414 in thedistal end 386 of the inserter handle 142, advancing the lock tubeassembly 118 proximally until the collar portion 408 enters the spacebetween the outer ring 434 and the inner ring 436, and insertingfasteners such as screws through the holes 532, 410 and the holes 534,412.

Coupling the standoff 132 and the standoff nut 134 to the shaft assembly116, lock tube assembly 118, selector ring 144, and inserter handle 142may include inserting the proximal end 596 of the proximal lock tube endpart 148 into the hole 584 in the distal end 578 of the standoff 132,advancing the lock tube assembly 118 proximally until the distal end 578abuts the proximal end 384 of the inserter handle 142, inserting theproximal end 596 into the hole 374 in the distal side 360 of thestandoff nut 134, advancing the lock tube assembly 118 proximally untilthe distal side 360 abuts the proximal end 384, and engaging theinternal threads of the third inner portion 380 with the externalthreads of the first outer portion 388 to make a tight connection. Thenotches 364, 366 may facilitate tightening.

Coupling the threaded driver 130 and the shuttle assembly 114 to theexpansion knob 140 may include inserting the proximal end 492 of thethreaded driver 130 into the hole 482 in the distal end 468 of theexpansion knob 140, aligning the hole 478 with the hole 496, advancingthe threaded driver 130 proximally into the second inner portion untilthe proximal end 492 abuts the proximal end of the second inner portion486, inserting the distal end 186 of the shuttle 122 into the hole 482in the proximal end 466 of the expansion knob 140, advancing the shuttleassembly 114 distally until the distal end 186 abuts the proximal end492 of the threaded driver 130, aligning the fourth outer portion 246with the third inner portion 506, advancing the shuttle assembly 114farther distally until the distal end of the second outer portion 242abuts the proximal end 492, and engaging the external threads 250 of thesecond outer portion 242 with the internal threads 512 of the thirdinner portion 506 until the shuttle assembly 114, expansion knob 140,and threaded driver 130 achieve a snug connection.

Coupling the shuttle assembly 114, threaded driver 130, and expansionknob 140 to the shaft assembly 116, lock tube assembly 118, selectorring 144, and inserter handle 142 may include inserting the proximal end596 of the proximal lock tube end part 148 into the hole 252 in thedistal end 186 of the shuttle; advancing the lock tube assembly 118proximally until the fifth inner portion 510 of the threaded driver 130receives the proximal end 576 of the standoff 132, the third innerportion 488 of the expansion knob 140 receives the standoff nut 134, thefourth inner portion 490 of the expansion knob 140 receives the thirdouter portion 392 of the inserter handle 142, the distal end 468 of theexpansion knob 140 abuts the distal end of the third outer portion 392,and the second inner portion 418 of the hole 414 of the inserter handle142 receives the fourth outer portion 246 of the 122; and insertingfasteners such as screws through the holes 478, 496 and the holes 480,498.

The instrument 100 may be operated by sliding the lock collar 120,rotating the selector ring 144, or rotating the expansion knob 140.

Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, the lock collar 120 is coupled to theshuttle 122 so that the lock collar 120 can slide relative to theshuttle 122 along a direction established by the undercut grooves 298,346, feet 294, 296, and slot 292. The travel of the lock collar 120 maybe limited by the presence of a pin in the slot 292 and the hole 234 ofthe shuttle 122. In this arrangement, the lock collar 120 may slidebetween a first position and a second position. In the first position,the pin may contact the end of the slot 292 that is closest to the firstcurved side 278 of the hole 276. The first position may be referred toas an open or unlocked position. In the second position, the pin maycontact the end of the slot 292 that is closest to the outer curved side268. The second position may be referred to as a closed or lockedposition. The lock collar 120 may be biased toward the second position.

Referring to FIGS. 9,10, and 15, the selector ring 144 is coupled to theposts 638, 640 of the lock tube coupling 128 so that rotation of theselector ring 144 causes rotation of the lock tube assembly 118 relativeto the rest of the instrument 100. Referring to FIGS. 14 and 15,rotation of the selector ring 144 is limited by the presence of thecollar portion 408 in the space between the outer ring 434 and the innerring 436. In the example shown, the selector ring 144 is rotatablebetween a first position and a third position. In the first position,the arm 438 may contact the end of the collar portion 408 that includesthe hole 412, the hole 464 may align with the dimple 530, the indicia454 for the cleaning setting may align with the distally-pointing arrowindicium 402, the posts 638, 640 may be positioned in the shaped slots562, 564 so that the posts are free to slide axially out of the slots,and the posts 638, 640 may be aligned with the grooves 426, 428. Thefirst position may be referred to as a cleaning position because thelock tube assembly 118 and/or other parts of the instrument 100 arepositioned for disassembly for cleaning or reassembly after cleaning. Inthe third position, the arm 438 may contact the end of the collarportion 408 that includes the hole 410, the hole 464 may align with thedimple 526, the indicia 454 for the locked setting may align with thedistally-pointing arrow indicium 402, the posts 638, 640 may bepositioned in the shaped slots 562, 564 so that the posts are capturedin the slots, the posts 638, 640 may be rotated out of alignment withthe grooves 426, 428, and the shaped slots 152 may be positioned withtheir distal openings aimed into the corners of the third inner portion550 of the hole 544 of the inserter connector 138. The third positionmay be referred to as a locked position because the parts of theinstrument 100 are positioned to lock the implant 1000 to theinstrument. The selector ring 144 may be rotatable to a second positionwhich is between the first and third positions. In the second position,the arm 438 may be centered in the open side of the collar portion 408,the hole 464 may align with the dimple 528, the indicia 454 for theunlocked setting may align with the distally-pointing arrow indicium402, the posts 638, 640 may be positioned in the shaped slots 562, 564so that the posts are captured in the slots, the posts 638, 640 may berotated out of alignment with the grooves 426, 428, and the shaped slots152 may be positioned with their distal openings aimed along the majordimension (length) of the third inner portion 550 of the hole 544 of theinserter connector 138. The second position may be referred to as anunlocked position because the parts of the instrument 100 are positionedso that the implant 1000 may be coupled to or decoupled from theinstrument 100.

Referring to FIGS. 9-12, 13, 14, and 16-19, the expansion knob 140 iscoupled to the shuttle assembly 114, the threaded driver 130, and theinserter handle 142 so that rotation of the expansion knob 140 causeslinear translation of the shuttle assembly 114 along the longitudinalinstrument axis 102 without rotation of the shuttle assembly 114 aboutthe axis 102. The threaded driver 130 is received in the second innerportion 486 of the hole 482 of the expansion knob 140 so that rotationof the expansion knob 140 causes rotation of the threaded driver 130.The external threads 250 of the second outer portion 242 of the shuttle122 are received by the internal threads 512 of the third inner portion506 of the threaded driver 130 and the fourth outer portion 246 of theshuttle 122 is received in the second inner portion 418 of the hole 414of the inserter handle 142 so that rotation of the threaded driver 130causes linear translation of the shuttle assembly 114 along thelongitudinal instrument axis 102. In the example shown, the shuttleassembly 114 is movable between a first position and a third position.In the first position, the distal side of the flange 232 of the shuttle122 may abut the proximal end 466 (tabs 472, 474) of the expansion knob140, the proximal end of the external threads 250 of the second outerportion of the shuttle 122 may be even with, or close to, the proximalend 492 of the threaded driver 130, and the indicia 248 of the shuttle122 for the collapsed configuration may be aligned with the indicia 476of the expansion knob 140. The first position may be referred to as acollapsed position for this reason. In the third position, the distalend of the external threads 250 may be even with, or close to, thedistal end 494 of the threaded driver 130, and the indicia 248 of theshuttle 122 for the vertically expanded configuration may be alignedwith the indicia 476 of the expansion knob 140. The third position maybe referred to as a vertically expanded position for this reason. Theshuttle assembly 114 may be movable to a second position which isbetween the first and third positions. In the second position, thedistal end of the external threads 250 may be even with, or close to,the proximal end 358 of the standoff nut 134 and the indicia 248 of theshuttle 122 for the laterally expanded configuration may be aligned withthe indicia 476 of the expansion knob 140. The second position may bereferred to as a laterally expanded position for this reason. Theshuttle assembly 114 may be movable to any number of positions betweenthe first and third positions due to the threaded interconnectionbetween the shuttle 122 and the threaded driver 130.

Various additional tools may be used with instrument 100 to implant andexpand an intervertebral implant. The instrument 100 and selectedadditional tools may be provided in a kit and may be collectivelyreferred to as an instrument system 115. FIGS. 26-30 disclose additionaltools of the instrument system 115, including a draw bar assembly 160, agraft funnel 170, a tamp assembly 180, and a screwdriver assembly 190.The draw bar assembly 160 may include a threaded tip 162 and a handle164. The screwdriver assembly 190 may be assembled with a screw holder200 to hold and drive a lockout screw 654 into an implant such asimplant 1000 to lock the implant in an expanded configuration. Theinstrument system 115 may be used to implant and/or expand otherexpandable implants.

Referring to FIGS. 26, 31, and 32, the draw bar assembly 160 may includea draw bar 156 and a draw bar knob or handle 164.

The draw bar 156 extends between a proximal end 656 and a distal end658. The draw bar 156 may be a cylindrical shaft as shown. The draw bar156 may include, from proximal to distal, first, second, and third outerportions 660, 662, 664. The first outer portion 660 may extend distallymost of the overall proximal-distal length of the draw bar 156, and maybe chamfered around its proximal outer edge. The diameter of the secondouter portion 662 may be less than the diameter of the first outerportion 660. A tapered shoulder 668 may be included between the firstand second outer portions 660, 662. The third outer portion 664 mayinclude the threaded tip 162 with external threads. The major diameterof the threads may be less than the diameter of the second outer portion662.

The draw bar handle 164 extends between a proximal end 670 and a distalend 672. The draw bar handle 164 may include, from proximal to distal, aknob body 674 and a shaft 676. The knob body 674 may be generallydisc-shaped with an outer diameter that is greater than itsproximal-distal length. The knob body 674 may include one or more gripfeatures 678 such as the six rim scallops shown. The outer diameter ofthe shaft 676 may be less than the outer diameter of the knob body 674and the proximal-distal length of the shaft may be greater than theproximal-distal length of the knob body 674. The shaft 676 may include aflange 680 (annulus 166) that extends circumferentially around a middleportion of the shaft. The flange 680 may include a distal chamfer 682.The shaft 676 may include one or more holes 684 that extend transverselyinto, or through, the shaft; two through holes 684 are shown just distalto the distal side of the knob body 674. The two through holes 684 areperpendicular to each other. The draw bar handle 164 may include acentral longitudinal hole 686 that extends through the draw bar handlebetween the proximal end 670 and the distal end 672. The hole 686 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, third, and fourth innerportions 688, 690, 692, 694. The first inner portion 688 may have acircular cross section and may extend distally about half, or most, ofthe proximal-distal length of the knob body 674. The first inner portion688 may have a flat distal end. A circumferential fillet radius may bepresent around the proximal inner edge of the first inner portion 688. Acircumferential fillet radius may be present in the distal inner cornerof the first inner portion 688. The second inner portion 690 may beconical. The second inner portion 690 may be referred to as acountersink or circumferential chamfer associated with the third innerportion 692. The major diameter of the second inner portion 690 may beless than the diameter of the first inner portion 688. The third innerportion 692 may have a circular cross section and may extend distally tothe same or similar level as the distal side of the knob body 674. Thediameter of the third inner portion 692 may be less than the diameter ofthe first inner portion 688. The fourth inner portion 694 may have acircular cross section and may extend distally through the distal end ofthe 672 of the draw bar handle 164. The diameter of the fourth innerportion 694 may be less than the diameter of the first inner portion 688and greater than the major diameter of the second inner portion 690 andthe diameter of the third inner portion 692. The fourth inner portion694 may have a flat proximal end. The hole(s) 684 may extend into aproximal end of the fourth inner portion 694.

The draw bar assembly 160 may be assembled by inserting the proximal end656 of the draw bar 156 into the hole 686 of the draw bar handle 164 sothat the first portion 660 is received in the third inner portion 692and the proximal end 656 is at the same or similar level with the distalend of the first inner portion 688. A circumferential gap 696 may existbetween the outer surface of the first portion 660 and the inner surfaceof the fourth inner portion 694. See FIG. 5. The draw bar 156 and drawbar handle 164 may be permanently connected, for example by welding.Alternatively, the draw bar 156 and draw bar handle 164 may be combinedinto a single part.

The draw bar 156 may be received in the lock tube assembly 118, morespecifically in the hole 606 of the proximal lock tube end part 148, thehole 594 of the proximal lock tube 124, the second inner portion 646 ofthe hole 642 of the lock tube coupling 128, and the hole 626 of thedistal lock tube 126.

Referring to FIGS. 28, 33, and 34, the graft funnel 170 extends betweena proximal end 698 and distal end 700. The graft funnel 170 may includea proximal mouth 702 and a distal stem 704. The mouth 702 and the stem704 may have circular cross sections. The mouth 702 may be conical orotherwise tapered. The diameter of the stem 704 may be much less thanthe diameter of the mouth 702. The graft funnel 170 may include acentral longitudinal hole 706 that extends through the graft funnelbetween the proximal end 698 and the distal end 700. The hole 706 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, third, and fourth innerportions 708, 710, 712, 714. Each of these inner portions may have acircular cross section. The first inner portion 708 may be conical orotherwise tapered, and may be shaped like the mouth 702. The secondinner portion 710 may be described as a fillet radius transition orthroat between the first inner portion 708 and the third inner portion712. The second inner portion 710 may be at the same or similar level asthe transition between the mouth 702 and the stem 704. The diameter ofthe third inner portion 712 may be less than the minor diameter of thefirst inner portion 708. The fourth inner portion 714 may extendproximally about half or more of the proximal-distal length of the stem704. The diameter of the fourth inner portion 714 may be greater thanthe diameter of the third inner portion 712. The proximal end of thefourth inner portion 714 may be flat, and a circumferential chamfer maybe present at the inner edge between the third and fourth inner portions712, 714.

The stem 704 may be received by the second inner portion 256 of the hole252 of the shuttle 122 of the shuttle assembly 114. The fourth innerportion 714 may receive the proximal end 596 of the proximal lock tubeend part 148 of the lock tube assembly 118. The diameter of the thirdinner portion 712 may be the same as or similar to the diameter of thehole 606.

Referring to FIGS. 27, 35, and 36, the tamp assembly 180 may include atamp shaft 158, a tamp shaft top part 168, a tamp handle 172, and a tampshaft tip part 174.

The tamp shaft 158 extends between a proximal end 716 and a distal end718. The tamp shaft 158 may be a cylindrical shaft as shown. The tampshaft 158 may include a proximal externally threaded portion 720 and adistal smooth portion 722. The diameter of the distal smooth portion 722may be greater than the major diameter of the proximal externallythreaded portion 720. The tamp shaft 158 may include a centrallongitudinal internally threaded hole 724 that extends proximally intothe distal end 718.

The tamp shaft top part 168 extends between a proximal end 726 and adistal end 728. The tamp shaft top part 168 may include a proximalexternally threaded portion 730, a middle smooth cylindrical portion732, and a distal torque fitting 734, such as the hexagonal key shown.The diameter of the middle smooth cylindrical portion 732 may be greaterthan the major diameter of the proximal externally threaded portion 730.The outer diameter of the distal torque fitting 734 may be less than thediameter of the middle smooth cylindrical portion 732. The tamp shafttop part 168 may include a central longitudinal internally threaded hole736 that extends proximally into the distal end 728.

The tamp handle 172 extends between a proximal end 738 and a distal end740. The tamp handle 172 may be a cylindrical part with rounded proximaland distal ends 738, 740 as shown. The tamp handle 172 may include oneor more friction features 742, such as the series of shallowcircumferential grooves shown. The tamp handle 172 may include a centrallongitudinal hole 744 that extends proximally into the distal end 740.The hole 744 may extend proximally about half, or most, of theproximal-distal overall length of the tamp handle 172. The hole 744 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, and third innerportions 746, 748, 750 of approximately equal proximal-distal lengths.Each of the inner portions may have a circular cross section. The firstinner portion 746 is not visible in FIG. 36. The first inner portion 746may be a blind hole included for ease of manufacturing the second innerportion 748, which has internal threads. The minor diameter of thethreads may be equal to or similar to the diameter of the first innerportion 750. The diameter of the third inner portion 750 may begreaterthan the major diameter of the threads. The third inner portion750 may be referred to as a counterbore around the second inner portion748. The proximal end of the third inner portion 750 may be flat.

The tamp shaft tip part 174 extends between a proximal end 752 and adistal end 754. The tamp shaft tip part 174 may be a cylindrical shaftas shown. The tamp shaft tip part 174 may include a proximal externallythreaded portion 756 and a distal smooth portion 758. The diameter ofthe distal smooth portion 758 may be greater than the major diameter ofthe proximal externally threaded portion 756. The distal end 754 mayhave a concave surface 760.

The tamp assembly 180 may be assembled by threading the proximalexternally threaded portion 730 of the tamp shaft top part 168 into thesecond inner portion 748 of the hole 744 of the tamp handle 172 so thatthe middle smooth cylindrical portion 732 is received in the third innerportion 750, threading the proximal externally threaded portion 720 ofthe tamp shaft 158 into the hole 736 of the tamp shaft top part 168, andthreading the proximal externally threaded portion 756 of the tamp shafttip part 174 into the hole 724 of the tamp shaft 158. The tamp assembly180 may be a weldment. Alternatively, the tamp shaft 158, tamp shaft toppart 168, tamp handle 172, and/or tamp shaft tip part 174 may becombined into a single part.

The outer diameters of the distal smooth portion 722 of the tamp shaft158 and the distal smooth portion 758 of the tamp shaft tip part 174 maybe received in the inner diameter of the third inner portion 712 of thehole 706 of the graft funnel 170 and in the lock tube assembly 118, morespecifically in the hole 606 of the proximal lock tube end part 148, thehole 594 of the proximal lock tube 124, the second inner portion 646 ofthe hole 642 of the lock tube coupling 128, and the hole 626 of thedistal lock tube 126.

Referring to FIGS. 29, 30, 37, and 38, the screwdriver assembly 190 mayinclude a handle 176, a shaft 178, a screw holder 200, and a screwholder catch 182.

The handle 176 extends between a proximal end 762 and a distal end 764.The handle 176 may include a proximal grip portion 766 with one or morefriction features 768 such as the four generally pear-shapedindentations shown, and a distal shaft 770. The shaft 770 may include aproximal first portion 772 and a distal second portion 774. The firstportion 772 may include one or more friction features 776, such as theseries of shallow circumferential grooves shown. The first portion 772may be a sleeve that is longitudinally movable relative to the secondportion 774. A central longitudinal D-shaped hole 778 may extendproximally into the distal end 764. One or more balls (not shown) may becaptured between the first and second portions 111, 774 and may protrudeat least partially into the D-shaped hole 778 when the first portion 772is in a first position relative to the second portion 774. The balls maybe free to move radially away from the hole 778 when the first portion772 is in a second position relative to the second portion 774. Thefirst portion 772 may be biased towards the first position.

The shaft 178 extends between a proximal end 780 and a distal end 782.The shaft 178 may be generally cylindrical as shown. The shaft 178 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, third, fourth, andfifth outer portions 784, 786, 788, 790, 792. The first outer portion784 may have a generally circular cross section, and may include aunilateral longitudinal flat 794 so that the first outer portion 784 iscomplementary to the D-shaped hole 778 in the shaft 770 of the handle176. A circumferential groove 796 may extend around the circular side ofthe first outer portion 784 to engage the balls in the shaft 770 of thehandle 176. The diameter of the second outer portion 786 may be greaterthan the diameter of the first outer portion 784. The second outerportion 786 may extend over most of the proximal-distal length of theshaft 178. The third outer portion 788 may include external threads. Themajor diameter of the threads may be less than the diameter of thesecond outer portion 786. The fourth outer portion 790 may have acircular cross section and may be smooth. The diameter of the fourthouter portion 790 may be the same as, or similar to, the minor diameterof the threads of the third outer portion 788. The fifth outer portion792 may include a torque fitting 798 such as the hexagonal key shown.

Referring to FIGS. 39-42, the screw holder 200 extends between aproximal end 800 and a distal end 802. The screw holder 200 may be atubular part with generally circular outer and inner cross-sectionalshapes. The screw holder 200 may include, from proximal to distal, firstand second outer portions 804, 806. The first outer portion 804 may havea generally circular cross section, and may extend distally over most ofthe proximal-distal length of the screw holder 200. Bilateral flats808,810 may be included at or nearthe middle of the proximal-distallength of the first outer portion. A longitudinal slot 812 may extendthrough one wall of the first outer portion 804, and may be locatedbetween the flats 808, 810. The proximal end of the slot 812 may be atthe same or similar level as the proximal ends of the flats 808, 810.The proximal end of the slot 812 may include a circular counterbore 814.The distal end of the slot 812 may extend distally about twice as far asthe distal ends of the flats 808, 810. The slot 812 may be rectangularor oval. The second outer portion 806 may taper inwardly toward thedistal end 802. The second outer portion 806 may be conical. The secondouter portion 806 may include a notch 816 that extends proximally fromthe distal end 802 through one wall of the second outer portion 806. Thenotch 816 may be rectangular or square, and may have rounded corners.The notch 816 may be in line with the slot 812. The screw holder 200 mayinclude a central longitudinal hole 818 that extends through the screwholder between the proximal end 800 and the distal end 802. The hole 818may include, from proximal to distal, first, second, and third innerportions 820, 822, 824. The first inner portion 820 may include internalthreads. The diameter of the second inner portion 822 may be less than,equal to, or similar to the minor diameter of the threads. The proximalend of the second inner portion 822 may be proximal to the proximal endsof the flats 808, 810. The distal end of the second inner portion 822may be distal to the proximal end of the notch 816, and may be at ornear the middle of the proximal-distal length of the notch 816. A shorttapered surface may be included at the transition between the second andthird inner portions 822, 824. The second inner portion 822 may includea unilateral longitudinal alcove 826 extending into one wall of thesecond inner portion 822. The alcove 826 may be in line with the slot812 and the notch 816. The diameter of the third inner portion 824 maybe less than the major diameter of the threads of the first innerportion 820, and may be greater than the minor diameter of the threads.

The screw holder catch 182 extends between a proximal end 828 and adistal end 830. The screw holder catch 182 may be a generally plate-likepart, and may include, from proximal to distal, first, second, and thirdportions 832, 834, 836. The first portion 832 may have a size and shapethat is complementary to the slot 812 of the screw holder 200. Theproximal end of the first portion 832 may include a circular shelf 838that is complementary to the counterbore 814. The second portion 834 maybe offset from the first portion 832 in a direction opposite the shelf838, and may be substantially parallel to the first portion 832. Thesecond portion 834 may include a longitudinal arcuate groove 840 thatfaces the same direction as the shelf 838. The third portion 836 mayhave a size and shape that is complementary to the notch 816 of thescrew holder 200. The third portion 836 may be in line with the firstportion 832 (thus offset from the second portion in a direction towardthe shelf 838). The third portion 836 may include a distal tooth 842that faces the same direction as the shelf 838.

The screwdriver assembly 190 may be assembled by coupling the screwholder catch 182 to the screw holder 200 so that the shelf 838 is in thecounterbore 814, the second portion 834 is in the alcove 826, the thirdportion 836 is in the notch 816, and the groove 840 faces the interiorof the screw holder 200; threading the first inner portion 820 of thehole 818 of the screw holder 200 onto the third outer portion 788 of theshaft 178; and inserting the first outer portion 784 of the shaft 178into the D-shaped hole 778 of the handle 176 so that the balls engagethe groove 796. Alternatively, the handle 176, shaft 178, screw holder200, and/or screw holder catch 182 may be combined into a single part.

The outer diameters of the first outer portion 804 of the screw holder200 and the second outer portion 786 of the shaft 178 may be received inthe inner diameter of the third inner portion 712 of the hole 706 of thegraft funnel 170 and in the lock tube assembly 118, more specifically inthe hole 606 of the proximal lock tube end part 148, the hole 594 of theproximal lock tube 124, the second inner portion 646 of the hole 642 ofthe lock tube coupling 128, and the hole 626 of the distal lock tube126.

Referring to FIGS. 43 and 44, the lockout screw 654 extends between aproximal end 844 and a distal end 846. The lockout screw 654 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, third, fourth, fifth,and sixth portions 848, 850, 852, 854, 856, 858, each with a circularcross section. The first portion 848 may include a rounded outerproximal circumferential edge, and may extend a short distance in theproximal-distal direction. The first portion 848 may form acircumferential lip orflange around the proximal end of the lockoutscrew 654. The diameter of the second portion 850 may be less than thediameter of the first portion 848. There may be a 90 degree cornerbetween the first portion 848 and the second portion 850. The diameterof the third portion 852 may be greater than the diameter of the firstportion 848. There may be a 90 degree corner between the second portion850 and the third portion 852, so that the second portion 850 forms acircumferential groove between the first and third portions 848, 852.The third portion 852 may have a rounded outer proximal circumferentialedge. The diameter of the fourth portion 854 may be the same as orsimilar to the diameter of the first portion 848, greater than thediameter of the second portion 850, and less than the diameter of thethird portion 852. There may be a shoulder 655 between the third andfourth portions 852, 854. The shoulder 655 may taper, and may beconical. The fourth portion 854 may extend distally to about the middleof the proximal-distal length of the lockout screw 654. The fifthportion 856 may include an externally threaded portion 653. The majordiameter of the threads may be the same as or similar to the diameter ofthe fourth portion 854. There may be a tapered transition between thefourth and fifth portions 854, 856. The diameter of the sixth portion858 may be the same as or similar to the minor diameter of the threadedportion 653. The sixth portion 858 may have a smooth shaft and mayinclude a rounded outer distal circumferential edge. The lockout screw654 may include a torque fitting 860 in or on the proximal end 844, suchas the hexagonal socket shown. The lockout screw 654 is described inpending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/244,446.

The outer diameter of the third portion 852 of the lockout screw 654 maybe received in the inner diameter of the third inner portion 712 of thehole 706 of the graft funnel 170 and in the lock tube assembly 118, morespecifically in the hole 606 of the proximal lock tube end part 148, thehole 594 of the proximal lock tube 124, the second inner portion 646 ofthe hole 642 of the lock tube coupling 128, and the hole 626 of thedistal lock tube 126.

The lockout screw 654 may be coupled to the screwdriver assembly 190 bycoupling the torque fitting 798 of the shaft 178 to the torque fitting860 of the lockout screw 654, inserting the first portion 848 of thelockout screw 654 into the third inner portion 824 of the screw holder200, and engaging the tooth 842 of the screw holder catch 182 in thesecond portion 850 of the lockout screw 654. Alternatively, the lockoutscrew 654 may be coupled to the screwdriver assembly 190 by insertingthe first portion 848 of the lockout screw 654 into the third innerportion 824 of the screw holder 200, engaging the tooth 842 of the screwholder catch 182 in the second portion 850 of the lockout screw 654,coupling the torque fitting 798 of the shaft 178 to the torque fitting860 of the lockout screw 654, and threading the first inner portion 820of the hole 818 of the screw holder 200 onto the third outer portion 788of the shaft 178. The lockout screw 654 may be decoupled from thescrewdriver assembly 190 by reversing these steps.

Referring to FIGS. 45-47, implant 1000 is expandable along a horizontalor lateral or transverse or medial-lateral axis 104 and a vertical orcephalocaudal axis 106. Implant 1000 includes a first support member1040 and a second support member 1030, the support members connected bya first end body 1050 and a second end body 1052. First support member1040 may include an upper support body 1042 and a lower support body1044. A pair of connection pins 1055 project from the second end body1052. A plurality of link members 1060, 1062, 1064, 1066 pivotablyconnect each of the first and second end bodies 1050, 1052 to each ofthe support members 1030, 1040. Lower support body 1044 includes rampedexpansion slots 1114, 1124, and upper support body includes rampedexpansion slots 1154, 1164. The implant 1000 is representative of theintervertebral cages described in pending U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/244,446.

Referring to FIGS. 48-59, methods for inserting and expanding anexpandable intervertebral implant with instrument system 115 are shown.The instrument 100, as seen in FIGS. 48 and 49, includes a bayonetreceiver 150 at the distal end 107 of the distal lock tube 126. Thebayonet receiver 150 includes a pair of shaped slots 152 which eachinclude an approximately 90° bend. The slots are in the distal end 614of the distal lock tube 126 of the lock tube assembly 118. The bayonetreceiver 150 may also include the inserter connector 138 of the shaftassembly 116. In one step of the method, the implant 1000 is attached tothe distal end 107 of the instrument 100. The connection pins 1055 arereceived in the shaped slots 152 of the bayonet receiver 150 so that theimplant 1000 extends distally from the instrument 100. The distal locktube 126 is rotated so that the pins 1055 traverse the 90° bend of theshaped slots 152, forming a bayonet connection 154 and locking theimplant 1000 to the instrument 100. The implant second end body 1052 maybe stabilized against rotation by its fit within the third inner portion550 of the inserter connector 138. Other embodiments within the scope ofthe disclosure may include a threaded connection between the implant1000 and instrument 100 instead of the bayonet connection. In anembodiment, the distal lock tube 126 may be rotated via rotation of theselector ring 144. In an embodiment, the lock tube is rotated 30° tocomplete the bayonet connection. The lock tube assembly (distal locktube 126, lock tube coupling 128, proximal lock tube 124) mayadditionally be unlocked from the inserter shaft 136 and removed fromthe instrument 100 for cleaning.

Referring to FIGS. 26, 50, and 51, another step of the method includesinserting the draw bar assembly 160 distally through the instrument bore112. The distal threaded tip 162 of the draw bar assembly 160 passesthrough the implant second end body 1052 and is threadably engaged withthe implant first end body 1050. The instrument lock collar 120 may beactuated to engage the instrument shuttle 122 with an annulus 166 nearthe proximal end of the draw bar assembly 160. The lock collar 120 maybe moved to its first position, the draw bar assembly 160 may beadvanced within the instrument bore 112 until the annulus is distal tothe lock collar 120, and the lock collar 120 may be moved to its secondposition. When the draw bar assembly 160 is inserted into connectionwith implant 1000 but before expansion of the implant, indicia 248 ormarkings may indicate the implant is in the collapsed configuration.

Referring to FIGS. 52 and 53, the instrument 100 may be used to insertthe implant 1000 into a prepared intervertebral space between a firstvertebra 2 and a second vertebra (not shown for clarity), in anotherstep of the method. The implant 1000 may be positioned in theintervertebral space before or after insertion of the draw bar assembly160 into the instrument 100.

When the implant is properly positioned in the intervertebral space andthe draw bar assembly 160 is inserted into the instrument 100, inanother step of the method the expansion knob 140 is rotated, turningthreaded driver 130. The knob 140, threaded driver 130 and shuttle 122form a motion conversion mechanism to convert rotational motion tolinear or axial motion along the longitudinal instrument axis 102.Interaction of threaded driver 130 with shuttle 122 translates shuttle122 and draw bar assembly 160 proximally, providing axial force in afirst direction along axis 102 to draw the implant first end 1050proximally toward the implant second end 1052 to laterally expand theimplant in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction,along axis 104. As the axial force is applied to the implant, the linkmembers 1060, 1062, 1064, 1066 pivot outward away from the centrallongitudinal axis 102, carrying the first and second support members1040, 1030 away from one another along axis 104, laterally expanding theimplant. Stop surfaces on the implant end bodies and the support membersmay interact to limit the lateral expansion. When the lateral expansionis attained, indicia 248 or markings on the instrument may indicate theimplant is in the laterally expanded configuration.

In another step of the method, the implant 1000 is expanded vertically.Referring to FIGS. 54 and 55, the expansion knob 140 is rotated fartherto continue to translate draw bar assembly 160 proximally along thelongitudinal instrument axis 102. The continued axial force along thefirst direction causes the link members 1064, 1066 within the implant1000 to travel along the expansion slots 1114, 1124, 1154, 1164 in theupper and lower support bodies 1042, 1044, urging the upper and lowersupport bodies away from one another and vertically expanding the firstsupport member 1040 along a third direction indicated by axis 106,perpendicular to the first and second directions. When the verticalexpansion is attained, indicia 248 or markings on the instrument mayindicate the implant is in the vertically expanded configuration.

It is appreciated that the expansion knob may be actuated in discretesteps to first laterally and then vertically expand the implant, or theexpansion knob may be actuated in a continuous motion to first laterallyand then vertically expand the implant. It is also appreciated that inanother embodiment, the vertical expansion of the implant may precedethe horizontal expansion. In the embodiment shown, only the firstsupport member 1040 expands vertically; the height of the second supportmember 1030 is fixed. This may provide a lordotic correction between thefirst and second vertebrae. In other embodiments, the first supportmember 1040 may be fixed and the second support member 1030 may bevertically expandable, or the first and second support members 1040,1030 may both be vertically expandable. When expansion is complete, thedraw bar assembly 160 may be disengaged from the shuttle 122 byactuating the lock collar 120, unthreaded from the implant 1000 andremoved from the instrument 100.

In another step of the method, graft material may be inserted throughthe instrument into the expanded implant 1000. Referring to FIGS. 27,28, 56, and 57, funnel 170 may be connected to the proximal end ofinstrument bore 112. Graft material may be inserted axially through thefunnel 170 and bore 112 and deposited into the implant inner chamber1120. The tamp assembly 180 may be deployed through instrument 100 topush and pack the graft through the bore 112 and in the chamber 1120.

In another step of the method, a locking fastener such as lockout screw654 may be inserted through the instrument and into fixed engagementwith the expanded implant 1000, to lock the implant in the horizontallyand vertically expanded configuration. Referring to FIGS. 29, 30, 58,and 59, screw 654 may be loaded into screw holder 200 and connected to adistal end of screwdriver assembly 190. A distal tip of screwdriverassembly 190 may include a tip 792 shaped to complementarily engage theproximal end of screw 654. Screwdriver assembly 190, with attached screwholder 200 and screw 654, may be inserted longitudinally through bore112 of instrument 100. The screwdriver assembly 190 may be actuated toengage a threaded portion 653 of screw 654 with the threaded first endbody 1050 of implant 1000. As the screw is driven distally, a proximalshoulder 655 of screw 654 may abut a surface of the second end body1052, rigidly locking the cage in the expanded configuration. Screwholder 200 may include a release feature or mechanism to release screw654 from the holder 200 after the screw is in engagement with implant1000. For example, the screw holder catch 182 may be biased to disengagethe tooth 842 from the second portion 850 of the screw 654 when thescrew is engaged with the implant 1000. When deployment and release ofscrew 654 is complete, the screwdriver assembly 190 and attached screwholder 200 may be withdrawn from the instrument 100.

Referring to FIGS. 60-63, implant 1000 is shown in situ after insertionbetween the first vertebral body 2 and the second vertebral body. In theembodiment depicted, support members 1040 and 1030 have been expandedhorizontally along an anterior-posterior direction to provide supportbetween the first and second vertebral bodies. Support member 1040 hasbeen expanded vertically along a cephalocaudal direction to provide alordotic correction between the first and second vertebrae. It isappreciated that in other embodiments of the invention, both supportmembers could be expanded vertically, or support member 1030 could besolely expanded vertically to provide a kyphotic correction. One or moreimplants 1000 may be implanted between first and second vertebrae. Otherapproaches may be used within the scope of the disclosure, includinglateral, transforaminal and anterior. One or more implants may beinserted in any orientation relative to the first and second vertebrae.

Referring to FIGS. 64-71, another insertion and expansion instrument isshown. Instrument 300 may be deployed to insert and expand implant 1000or another expandable intervertebral implant. Instrument 300 may includea bayonet or other connection to removably connect implant 1000 to theinstrument. Instrument 300 includes a ratchet mechanism 310 operable bya lever 312 to axially translate a shuttle 322 and draw bar assembly 328proximally. The ratchet mechanism 310 may be referred to as an actuator.Similar to instrument 100, translation of draw bar assembly 328 providesaxial force to laterally and/or vertically expand the connected implant.Other tools such as the funnel 170, tamp assembly 180, and screwdriverassembly 190 disclosed herein may be used, or adapted for use, withinstrument 300 to deposit graft material within the implant and secure alocking fastener such as screw 654.

Instrument 300 extends between a proximal end 862 and a distal end 864along a longitudinal instrument axis 866. Instrument 300 may include theratchet mechanism 310, the lever 312, the shuttle 322 which may besimilarto shuttle 122, an inserter handle 302 which may be similar toinserter handle 142, a shaft assembly 304 which may be similar to shaftassembly 116, an inserter shaft 306 which may be similar to insertershaft 136, a distal tip part 308 which may be similar to inserterconnector 138, a lock lever 314, a stop screw 316, a lock tube assembly318 which may be similarto lock tube assembly 118, a lock tube coupling320 which may be similarto lock tube coupling 128, a proximal lock tube324 which may be similar to proximal lock tube 124, a distal lock tube326 which may be similar to distal lock tube 126, a draw bar assembly328 which may be similar to draw bar assembly 160, a draw bar knob 330which may be similar to handle 164, a draw bar tip part 332, a draw bar334 which may be similar to draw bar 156, a spring plunger 336, aratchet 338, a lever link 340, a return link 342, and/or a release ring344.

Referring to FIGS. 70-73, the ratchet mechanism 310 may include thelever 312, spring plunger 336, ratchet 338, lever link 340, and returnlink 342. The ratchet mechanism 310 may include the shuttle 322.

The lever 312 extends between a proximal end 868 and a distal end 870.The lever 312 may include a body 872 and an arm 874. The arm 874 mayextend proximally obliquely away from an outer side 876 of the body 872.An opposite inner side 878 of the body may include a pair of outer arms880, 882 forming an outer clevis, and a pair of inner arms 884, 886forming an inner clevis. The inner arms 884, 886 may be located betweenthe outer arms 880, 882. The inner arms 884, 886 may be shorter than theouter arms 880, 882, and may extend from the inner side 878 about onethird as far as the outer arms. The arms 880, 882, 884, 886 may all beparallel as shown, and may be perpendicular to the inner side 878. Afirst hole 888 may extend through the arms 880, 882, 884, 886 near theinner side 878. A second hole 890 may extend through the outer arms 880,882 near the free ends of the outer arms. The first and second holes888, 890 may be parallel to the inner side 878. A third hole 892 mayextend into the inner side 878 between the inner arms 884, 886. Thethird hole 892 may be parallel to the arms 880, 882, 884, 886.

The spring plunger 336 extends between a proximal end 892 and a distalend 894. The spring plunger 336 may be a generally cylindrical shaftwith circular cross sections as shown. The spring plunger 336 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first and second outer portions 896,898. The first outer portion 896 may extend distally most of theproximal-distal length of the spring plunger 336. The diameter of thesecond outer portion 898 may be less than the diameter of the firstouter portion 896. There may be a tapered transition between the firstand second outer portions 896, 898. The second outer portion 898 mayinclude a rounded distal outer edge. A central longitudinal hole 900 mayextend distally into the proximal end of the spring plunger 336. Thehole 900 may extend distally almost as far as the first outer portion896.

The ratchet 338 extends between a proximal end 902 and a distal end 904.The ratchet 338 may have a rectangular or square cross section as shown.A tooth 906 may protrude from an inner side 908 of the ratchet 338. Thetooth 906 may be located along an inner proximal edge of the ratchet338. A first hole 910 may extend through the ratchet 338 near the distalend 904 and may be parallel to the tooth 906. A second hole 912 mayextend into the inner side 908 near the distal end 904 and may beperpendicular to the first hole 910. The second hole 912 may be betweenthe first hole 910 and the distal end 904.

The lever link 340 extends between a proximal end 914 and a distal end916. The lever link 340 may have a rectangular or square cross sectionas shown. A tooth 918 may protrude from an inner side 920 of the leverlink 340. The tooth 918 may be located along an inner proximal edge ofthe lever link 340. A unilateral notch 922 may extend along the leverlink 340 so as to intersect a proximal portion of the inner side 920 andan inner portion of the proximal end 916, so that the tooth 918 isthinner than the distal end 916. A first hole 924 may extend through thelever link 340 near the distal end 916 and may be parallel to the tooth918. A second hole 926 may extend into an outer side 928 of the leverlink 340 opposite the inner side 920 near the distal end 916 and may beperpendicular to the first hole 924. The first hole 924 may be betweenthe second hole 926 and the distal end 916.

The return link 342 extends between a proximal end 930 and a distal end932. The return link 342 may have a rectangular or square cross sectionas shown. A foot 934 may protrude from a first side 936 of the returnlink 342. The foot 934 may be located at the proximal end 930 of thereturn link 342. The foot 934 may extend perpendicular to theproximal-distal length of the return link 342. A unilateral notch 938may extend along the return link 342 so as to intersect a proximalportion of an inner side 940 of the return link and an inner portion ofthe proximal end 930. A first hole 942 may extend distally into theproximal end 930 and the foot 934. A second hole 944 may extend throughthe return link 342 near the distal end 932 and may be parallel to thefoot 934.

The shuttle 322 extends between a proximal end 946 and a distal end 948.The shuttle 322 may include, from proximal to distal, first, second,third, and fourth outer portions 950, 952,954, 956. The first outerportion 950 may have a circular cross section and rounded proximal anddistal outer circumferential edges. The proximal-distal length of thefirst outer portion 950 may be less than its diameter. The second outerportion 952 may have a circular cross section with a diameter that isless than the diameter of the first outer portion 950. The second outerportion 952 may form a square (90 degree) inner corner with the firstouter portion 950. The proximal-distal length of the second outerportion 952 may be the same as or similar to the length of the firstouter portion 950. The third outer portion 954 may have a circular crosssection with a diameter that is less than the diameter of the secondouter portion 952. The third outer portion 952 may form a square innercorner with the second outer portion 952. The third outer portion 954may extend over most of the proximal-distal length of the shuttle 322.The fourth outer portion 956 may have a circular cross section thattapers down in diameter toward the distal end 948. The fourth outerportion 956 may be conical. A unilateral longitudinal groove 958 mayextend along the second and third outer portions 952, 954 and may runout in the fourth outer portion 956. The groove 958 may have arectangular or square cross section with a rounded proximal end at theproximal end of the second outer portion 952. A first series oftransverse grooves 960 may extend across the third outer portion 954 andmay be located 90 degrees from the longitudinal groove 958. There may beten grooves 960 as shown, or another number. The size and shape of thegrooves 960 may be complementary to the tooth 918 of the lever link 340.A second series of transverse grooves 962 may extend across the thirdouter portion 954 and may be located 90 degrees from the longitudinalgroove 958 and 180 degrees from the first series of transverse grooves960. There may be 54 grooves 962 as shown, or another number. The sizeand shape of the grooves 960 may be complementary to the tooth 906 ofthe ratchet 338. Indicia 964 may be included along the third outerportion 954 opposite the longitudinal groove 958. The indicia 964 mayinclude transverse lines and numerals as shown, or other markings orengravings. A unilateral shaped slot 966 may extend proximally into thedistal end of the third outer portion 954 and may run out in the fourthouter portion 956. The proximal end of the slot 966 may make a 90 degreebend toward the longitudinal groove 958. The slot 966 may have arectangular or square cross section. The slot 966 and other similarlyshaped slots disclosed herein may be referred to as a bayonet slot.

The shuttle 322 may include a central longitudinal hole 968 that extendsthrough the shuttle between the proximal end 946 and the distal end 948.The hole 968 may include, from proximal to distal, first, second, third,and fourth inner portions 970, 972, 974, 976, each with a circular crosssection. The first inner portion 970 may be a shallow countersink aroundthe proximal end of the hole 968. The second inner portion 972 may haveinternal threads. The minor diameter of the threads may be the same asor similar to the minor diameter of the first inner portion 970. Thethird inner portion 974 may be smooth, with a diameter that is less thanthe minor diameter of the threads of the second inner portion 972. SeeFIG. 66. The distal end of the third inner portion 974 may have a square(90 degree) inner corner. The fourth inner portion 976 may be smooth,with a diameter that is less than the diameter of the third innerportion 974.

Referring to FIGS. 70, 71, 74, and 75, the shaft assembly 304 mayinclude the inserter shaft 306 and distal tip part 308.

The inserter shaft 306 extends between a proximal end 978 and a distalend 980. The inserter shaft 306 may be a tubular part with circularouter and inner cross-sectional shapes. The inserter shaft 306 mayinclude a pair of shaped slots 982, 984 which each include anapproximately 90 degree bend. The slots 982, 984 may extendlongitudinally into the proximal end 978 before making the bend. Eachslot 982, 984 may extend through one wall of the inserter shaft 306. Theinserter shaft 306 may include bilateral transverse grooves 986, 988which may be located 90 degrees from, and distal to, the slots 982, 984.The inserter shaft 306 may include one or more openings 990. Threeopenings 990 are shown spaced along the inserter shaft 306 distal to thetransverse grooves 986, 988. Each opening 990 may extend through onewall of the inserter shaft 306, or through both walls as shown. Theinserter shaft 306 may include a central longitudinal hole 992 thatextends through the inserter shaft between the proximal end 978 and thedistal end 980. The hole 992 may include a proximal countersink 994and/or a distal counterbore 996.

The distal tip part 308 extends between a proximal end 1200 and a distalend 1202. The proximal end 1200 may be circular in a proximal view. Thedistal end 1202 may be rectangular in a distal view. The distal end 1202may have rounded corners in the distal view. The distal tip part 308 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, and third outerportions 1204, 1206, 1208. The first outer portion 1204 may have acircular cross section and may extend distally about one fourth of theproximal-distal length of the distal tip part 308. The second outerportion 1206 may have a circular cross section and may have a diameterthat is greater than the diameter of the first outer portion 1204. Thesecond outer portion 1206 may form a square (90 degree) inner cornerwith the first outer portion 1204. The third outer portion 1208 mayinclude the rectangular distal end 1202, and may also include acurvaceous transition surface that blends with the second outer portion1206. The distal tip part 308 may include a central longitudinal hole1210 that extends through the distal tip part between the proximal end1200 and the distal end 1202. The hole 1210 may include, from proximalto distal, first and second inner portions 1212,1214. The first innerportion 1212 may have a circular cross section and may extend distallyabout two thirds to three fourths of the overall proximal-distal lengthof the distal tip part 308. The cross-sectional shape of the secondinner portion 1214 may be rectangular or square. The rectangle or squaremay have rounded corners. The major dimension (length) of the rectanglemay be greaterthan the diameter of the first inner portion 1212, and maybe aligned with the major dimension (length) of the rectangle of thedistal end 1202. The minor dimension (width) of the rectangle may begreater than the diameter of the first inner portion 1212. The secondinner portion 1214 may have a flat proximal end.

The shaft assembly 304 may be assembled by inserting the first outerportion 1204 of the distal tip part 308 into the counterbore 996 of theinserter shaft 306 and aligning the length of the rectangle of the thirdouter portion 1208 to extend over the transverse grooves 986, 988. Theinserter shaft 306 and distal tip part 308 may be permanently connected,for example by welding. Alternatively, the inserter shaft 306 and distaltip part 308 may be combined into a single part. The inner diameters ofthe hole 992 of the inserter shaft 306 and the first inner portion 1212of the hole 1210 of the distal tip part 308 may be the same or similar,and together they may form a shaft assembly bore 1434. See FIGS. 70 and71.

Referring to FIGS. 70, 71, 76, and 77, the lock tube assembly 318 mayinclude the lock tube coupling 320, proximal lock tube 324, and distallock tube 326.

The lock tube coupling 320 extends between a proximal end 1216 and adistal end 1218. The lock tube coupling 320 may be a tubular part. Thelock tube coupling 320 may include a proximal body 1220 which may have acircular cross-sectional outer shape, and may extend distally about halfor three-fifth of the overall proximal-distal length of the lock tubecoupling 320. A first lateral post 1222 may extend radially outwardlyfrom the distal end of the body 1220. A unilateral tab 1224 may protrudedistally from the body 1220, and may be located in line with the firstlateral post 1222. The outer surface of the tab 1224 may be radiallyinset relative to the outer diameter of the body 1220. A second lateralpost 1226 may protrude radially outwardly from the tab 1224. The secondlateral post 1226 may protrude radially beyond the outer diameter of thebody 1220 as shown. The second lateral post 1226 may be distal to and inline with the first lateral post 1222. First and second holes 1228,1230may extend through one wall of the body 1220 on either side of alocation opposite the first lateral post 1222, or in other words, eachhole may be located about 135 degrees away from the first lateral post1222. The lock tube coupling 320 may include a central longitudinal hole1232 that extends through the lock tube coupling between the proximalend 1216 and the distal end 1218. The hole 1232 may include, fromproximal to distal, first, second, and third inner portions 1234, 1236,1238. The first inner portion 1234 may have a circular cross section andmay extend distally about a third of the overall proximal-distal lengthof the lock tube coupling 320, or about half of the length of the body1220. The second inner portion 1236 may have a circular cross sectionwith a diameter less than the diameter of the first inner portion 1234.The second inner portion 1236 may extend distally only a short distanceas a complete diameter, but a section of it may extend through thedistal end 1218 to form the inner side of the tab 1224. The third innerportion 1238 may have a non-circular cross section that is a C-shapedalcove in the distal wall of the body 1220 opposite the tab 1224. Thealcove may extend around more than 180 degrees of arc.

The proximal lock tube 324 extends between a proximal end 1240 and adistal end 1242. The proximal lock tube 324 may be a tubular part withcircular outer and inner cross-sectional shapes and constant outer andinner diameters.

The distal lock tube 326 extends between a proximal end 1244 and adistal end 1246. The distal lock tube 326 may be a tubular part withcircular outer and inner cross-sectional shapes. The proximal end 1244may include a unilateral notch 1248 that extends distally into one sideof the distal lock tube 326. The notch 1248 may extend around less than180 degrees of arc. The notch 1248 may include, from proximal to distal,first and second portions 1250, 1252. The first portion 1250 may have aflat distal end with square corners. The second portion 1252 may benarrower than the first portion 1250. The second portion 1252 may have aflat distal end with round corners. The distal end 1246 may include apair of shaped slots 1254, 1256 which each include an approximately 90°bend. The slots 1254, 1256 may extend longitudinally into the distal end1246 before making the approximately 90° bend. Each slot 1254, 1256 mayextend through one wall of the distal lock tube 326. The distal locktube 326 may include a central longitudinal hole 1258 that extendsthrough the distal lock tube between the proximal end 612 and the distalend 614. The hole 1258 may include, from proximal to distal, first andsecond inner portions 1260, 1262. The first inner portion 1260 mayextend distally for most of the proximal-distal length of the distallock tube 326, and may have a flat distal end. The diameter of thesecond inner portion 1262 may be less than the diameter of the firstinner portion 1260.

The lock tube assembly 318 may be assembled by inserting the distal end1242 of the proximal lock tube 324 in the first inner portion 1234 ofthe lock tube coupling 320, and inserting the proximal end 1244 of thedistal lock tube 326 in the third inner portion 1238 of the lock tubecoupling 320 so that the tab 1224 is received in the second portion 1252of the notch 1248. The lock tube coupling 320, proximal lock tube 324,and distal lock tube 326 may be permanently connected, for example bywelding. Alternatively, the lock tube coupling 320, proximal lock tube324, and/or distal lock tube 326 may be combined into a single part. Theinner diameters of the second inner portion 1236 of the hole 1232 of thelock tube coupling 320, proximal lock tube 324, and first inner portion1260 of the hole 1258 of the distal lock tube 326 may all be the same orsimilar, and together they may form a longitudinal instrument bore 1260.See FIGS. 64, 70, and 71. The distal lock tube 326 and the body 1220 ofthe lock tube coupling 320 may fit within the bore 1434 of the shaftassembly 304. The post 1226 of the lock tube coupling 320 may fit withineither slot 982, 984 of the inserter shaft 306 of the shaft assembly304.

Referring to FIGS. 70, 71, 78, and 79, the draw bar assembly 328 mayinclude the draw bar knob 330, draw bar tip part 332, and draw bar 334.

The draw bar knob 330 extends between a proximal end 1262 and a distalend 1264.

The draw bar handle 330 extends between a proximal end 1262 and a distalend 1264. The draw bar handle 330 may include, from proximal to distal,a knob body 1266 and a shaft 1268. The knob body 1266 may be generallydisc-shaped with an outer diameter that is greater than itsproximal-distal length. The knob body 1266 may include one or more gripfeatures 1270 such as the six rim scallops shown. The outer diameter ofthe shaft 1268 may be less than the outer diameter of the knob body 1266and the proximal-distal length of the shaft may be greater than theproximal-distal length of the knob body 1266. The shaft 1268 may includea flange 1272 or annulus that extends circumferentially around a middleportion of the shaft. The flange 1272 may have square proximal anddistal outer circumferential edges. The shaft 1268 may include one ormore holes 1274 that extend transversely into, or through, the shaft;two through holes 1274 are shown between the distal side of the knobbody 1266 and the proximal side of the flange 1272. The two throughholes 1274 are perpendicular to each other. A distal portion of theshaft 1268 may include external threads 1276. The outer diameter of theflange 1272 may be greater than the major diameter of the threads 1276.The minor diameter of the threads 1276 may be greater than the outerdiameter of the remaining smooth portions of the shaft 1268. The drawbar handle 330 may include a central longitudinal hole 1278 that extendsthrough the draw bar handle between the proximal end 1262 and the distalend 1264. The hole 1278 may include, from proximal to distal, first,second, and third inner portions 1280, 1282, 1284. The first innerportion 1280 may have a circular cross section and may extend distallyabout half, or most, of the proximal-distal length of the knob body1266. The first inner portion 1280 may have a flat distal end. Acircumferential fillet radius may be present around the proximal inneredge of the first inner portion 1280. A circumferential fillet radiusmay be present in the distal inner corner of the first inner portion1280. The second inner portion 1282 may have a circular cross sectionand may extend distally between the distal side of the knob body 1266and the holes 1274. The diameter of the second inner portion 1282 may beless than the diameter of the first inner portion 1280. The third innerportion 1284 may have a circular cross section and may extend distallythrough the distal end of the 1264 of the draw bar handle 330. Thediameter of the third inner portion 1284 may be less than the diameterof the first inner portion 1280 and greater than the diameter of thesecond inner portion 1282. The third inner portion 1284 may have a flatproximal end. The hole(s) 1274 may extend into a proximal end of thethird inner portion 1284.

The draw bar tip part 332 extends between a proximal end 1286 and adistal end 1288. The draw bar tip part 332 may include, from proximal todistal, first, second, third, and fourth outer portions 1290, 1292,1294, 1296. The first outer portion 1290 may have a circular crosssection and may extend distally about one third to half of the overallproximal-distal length of the draw bar tip part 332. An outer proximaledge of the first outer portion 1290 may include a circumferentialchamfer. The second outer portion 1292 may have a circular cross sectionand may extend distally only a short distance. The diameter of thesecond outer portion 1292 may be greater than the diameter of the firstouter portion 1290. The second outer portion 1292 may be referred to asa flange or annulus around a middle portion of the draw bar tip part332. The third outer portion 1294 may have a circular cross section. Thediameter of the third outer portion 1294 may be greater than thediameter of the first outer portion 1290 and less than the diameter ofthe second outer portion 1292. The fourth outer portion 1296 may be atorque fitting, such as the hexagonal key shown. An outer distal edge ofthe fourth outer portion 1296 may include a circumferential chamfer. Thedraw bar tip part 332 may include a central longitudinal hole 1298 thatextends through the draw bar tip part between the proximal end 1286 andthe distal end 1288. The hole 1298 may include, from proximal to distal,first, second, and third inner portions 1300, 1302, 1304. The firstinner portion 1300 may have a circular cross section. The distal end ofthe first inner portion 1300 may be proximal to the second outer portion1292. The second inner portion 1302 may include internal threads. Themajor diameter of the threads may be less than the diameter of the firstinner portion 1300. The third inner portion 1304 may have a circularcross section. The diameter of the third inner portion 1304 may be lessthan the diameter of the first inner portion 1300 and greater than themajor diameter of the threads of the second inner portion 1302.

The draw bar 334 extends between a proximal end 1306 and a distal end1308. The draw bar 334 may be a cylindrical shaft as shown. The draw bar334 may include a central longitudinal hole 1310 that extends proximallyinto the distal end 1308 of the draw bar 334. The hole 1310 may include,from proximal to distal, first and second inner portions 1312, 1314. Thefirst inner portion 1312 may have a circular cross section. The secondinner portion 1314 may have a circular cross section with a diametergreater than the diameter of the first inner portion 1312.

The draw bar assembly 328 may be assembled by inserting the proximal end1306 of the draw bar 334 in the second inner portion 1282 of the hole1278 of the draw bar handle 330 so that the proximal end 1306 is at thesame or similar level with the distal end of the first inner portion1280, and inserting the first outer portion 1290 of the draw bar tippart 332 in the second inner portion 1314 of the hole 1310 of the drawbar 334. A circumferential gap 1316 may exist between the outer surfaceof the draw bar 334 and the inner surface of the third inner portion1284. See FIG. 66. The draw bar knob 330, draw bar tip part 332, anddraw bar 334 may be permanently connected, for example by welding.Alternatively, the draw bar knob 330, draw bar tip part 332, and/or drawbar 334 may be combined into a single part. The draw bar tip part 332and draw bar 334 may fit within the bore 1260 of the lock tube assembly318. The proximal end 1240 of the proximal lock tube 324 may fit in thegap 1316.

Referring to FIGS. 66, 70, 71, and 80-85, the inserter handle 302extends between a proximal end 1318 and a distal end 1320. The inserterhandle 302 may include, from proximal to distal, first, second, andthird outer portions 1322, 1324, 1326. The first outer portion 1322 maybe cylindrical with a circumferential groove 1328 centrally locatedalong the proximal-distal length of the first outer portion 1322. Thegroove 1328 may have square inner corners. The second outer portion 1324may extend distally over most of the overall proximal-distal length ofthe inserter handle 302. The second outer portion 1324 may be generallyhourglass shaped or otherwise contoured to be comfortably andergonomically gripped by a user's hand. The third outer portion 1326 mayextend over about one fourth of the overall proximal-distal length ofthe inserter handle 302. The third outer portion 1326 may include flatfront and back surfaces 1330, 1332 which may extend proximally from thedistal end 1320 over the third outer portion 1326 and most of theproximal-distal length of the second outer portion 1324. The third outerportion 1326 may include a rectangular or square boss 1374 whichprotrudes from a right side 1376 of the third outer portion. The boss1374 may extend from a middle portion of the proximal-distal length ofthe third outer portion 1326. A left side 1378 of the third outerportion 1326 may be a portion of a cylinder.

The inserter handle 302 may include a unilateral recess 1334 thatextends distally into the second outer portion. The recess 1334 may beon the same side as the front surface 1330. The recess 1334 may bearcuate, and may extend around less than 180 degrees of arc. The recess1334 may include bilateral ridges 1336, 1338 as seen best in FIG. 82.The ridges 1336, 1338 may extend proximally a short distance from thedistal end of the recess 1334. A pocket 1340 may be located in theproximal region of the front surface 1330. A window 1342 may be locatedwithin the pocket 1340. The window 1342 may extend through the frontside of the inserter handle 302. The pocket 1340 may include indicia1344 such as the transverse lines shown bracketing the window 1342. Ahole 1380 may extend through the inserter handle 302 between the frontand back sides and may be located in the proximal right portion of thethird outer portion 1326.

A longitudinal slot 1346 may extend into a right side 1348 of the secondouter portion 1324 of the inserter handle 302. The slot 1346 may berectangular with rounded corners. The proximal end of the slot 1346 maybe proximal to the pocket 1340 and the distal end of the slot may bedistal to the pocket. A distal portion 1350 of the slot 1346 may beshallow, with a flat bottom, and a proximal portion 1352 of the slot maybe deep. The distal portion 1350 may extend over the distal one third ofthe overall proximal-distal length of the slot 1346. The distal portion1350 may include a hole 1354 in the bottom near the distal end. Atransverse hole 1356 may extend through the inserter handle 302 betweenthe front and back sides so as to intersect the side walls of the distalportion 1350 proximal to the hole 1354. A hole 1358 may extend into theright side 1348 of the second outer portion 1324 of the inserter handle302 distal to the slot 1346. The hole 1358 may include internal threadsand a counterbore to complement the stop screw 316. A transverse slot1382 may extend into the right side 1376 of the third outer portion1326. The slot 1382 may extend into a distal portion of the boss 1374.The slot 1382 may taper in the transverse direction, becoming narroweras the slot extends into the third outer portion 1326. See FIG. 82.

A longitudinal slot 1360 may extend into a left side 1362 of the secondand third outer portions 1324, 1326 of the inserter handle 302. Theproximal end of the slot 1360 may be at the same or similar level as theproximal end of the slot 1346 and the distal end of the slot may extendabout half of the overall proximal-distal length of the third outerportion 1326. A proximal portion 1364 of the slot 1360 may benarrowerthan a distal portion 1366 of the slot. The proximal and distalportions 1364, 1366 may each be rectangular with rounded corners. Thedistal end of the proximal portion 1364 may be distal to the hole 1358and proximal to the third outer portion 1326. A unilateral narrow ledge1368 may extend along a proximal back side wall within the proximalportion 1364. A platform 1370 may extend between the side walls of theproximal and distal portions 1364, 1366. The proximal end of theplatform 1370 may be distal to the hole 1358 and proximal to the distalend of the proximal portion 1364, and the distal end of the platform maybe located about one third of the overall proximal-distal length of thethird outer portion 1326, or about one half of the overallproximal-distal length of the distal portion 1366. The platform 1370 maybe deeper within the inserter handle 302 than the ledge 1368. Alongitudinal hole 1372 may extend proximally into the distal end 1320 ofthe inserter handle 302 and into the proximal end wall of the proximalportion 1364 of the slot 1360. See FIG. 66.

The inserter handle 302 may include a central longitudinal hole 1384that extends through the inserter handle between the proximal end 1318and the distal end 1320. The hole 1384 may include, from proximal todistal, first, second, and third inner portions 1386, 1388, 1389. Eachof these inner portions may have a circular cross section. The firstinner portion 1386 may extend distally to the proximal end of theplatform 1370. The diameter of the second inner portion 1388 may be lessthan the diameter of the first inner portion 1386. The second innerportion 1388 may extend distally to intersect the slot 1382. Thediameter of the third inner portion 1389 may be less than the diameterof the second inner portion 1388. The window 1342, proximal portion 1352of the slot 1346, hole 1358, and proximal portion 1364 of the slot 1360may open into the first inner portion 1386. The distal portion 1366 ofthe slot 1360, distal to the platform 1370, and the slot 1382 may openinto the second inner portion 1388. Bilateral holes 1390, 1392 mayextend through the inserter handle 302 between the right and left sidesnear the distal end 1320. The holes 1390, 1392 may intersect the thirdinner portion 1389.

The lock lever 314 extends between a proximal side 1394 and a distalside 1395. The lock lever 314 may include a ring 1398, a stem 1400, anda cap 1402. The stem 1400 may extend from one side of the ring 1398. Thecap 1402 may be an enlargement at the free end of the stem 1400. Acentral longitudinal hole 1404 may extend through the lock lever 314between the proximal and distal sides 1394, 1396. A keyway 1406 may alsoextend through the lock lever 314 between the proximal and distal sides1394, 1396 along an inner wall of the hole 1404 at the base of the stem1400. A hole 1408 may extend into the stem 1400 near the ring 1398.

The stop screw 316 may be a dog point screw that is complementary to thehole 1358. The stop screw 316 may have a pan head or cheese head.

The release ring 344 extends between a proximal end 1410 and a distalend 1412. The release ring 344 may include one or more friction features1414, such as the twelve rim scallops shown. The release ring 344 mayinclude a unilateral tab 1416 that may extend distally. An inner side ofthe tab 1416 may include two longitudinal grooves 1418, 1420 that extendthrough the distal end 1412. A central longitudinal hole 1422 may extendthrough the release ring 344 between the proximal and distal sides 1410,1412. The hole 1422 may include, from proximal to distal, first andsecond inner portions 1424, 1426. The first inner portion 1424 may havea generally circular cross section with a unilateral key 1428 extendingradially into the hole 1422 at the proximal end 1410. The key 1428 maybe generally opposite the tab 1416, but may be offset several degreesfrom being exactly opposite the tab. For example, the key 1428 may be155 degrees away from the tab 1416. The second inner portion 1426 mayhave a circular cross section with a diameter that is greater than thediameter of the first inner portion 1424. The proximal end of the secondinner portion 1426 may be flat. The inner side of the tab 1416 may beradially offset outwardly from the second inner portion 1426. Bilateraltransverse holes 1430,1432 may extend through the release ring 344. Theholes 1430, 1432 may intersect the second inner portion 1426.

The instrument 300 may be assembled by coupling the release ring 344,ratchet 338, stop screw 316, and spring plunger 336 to the inserterhandle 302, coupling the lever link 340 and return link 342 to the lever312, coupling the sub-assembly of the lever link 340, the return link342, and the lever 312 to the inserter handle 302 (with spring plunger336), coupling the shaft assembly 304 and the lock lever 314 to theinserter handle 302, inserting the lock tube assembly 318 into the shaftassembly 304, coupling the shuttle 322 to the inserter handle 302 (withstop screw 316 and release ring 344), inserting the draw bar assembly328 into the lock tube assembly 318, and coupling the draw bar assembly328 to the shuttle 322. These steps may be performed in any order.

Coupling the release ring 344 to the inserter handle 302 may includeinserting the first outer portion 1322 of the inserter handle 302 intothe second inner portion 1426 of the hole 1422 of the release ring 344so that the tab 1416 is in the recess 1334 between the ridges 1336,1338, aligning the holes 1430, 1432 with the groove 1328, and insertingpins into the holes 1430, 1432 and the groove 1328.

Coupling the ratchet 338 to the inserter handle 302 may includeinserting a compression spring (not shown) into the holes 912, 1354,inserting the ratchet 338 into the slot 1346 with the tooth 906 facinginto the first inner portion 1386 of the hole 1384, aligning the holes1356, 910, and inserting a pin (not shown) through the holes 1356, 910.The spring may bias the ratchet 338 to protrude into the first innerportion 1386.

Coupling the stop screw 316 to the inserter handle 302 may includeinserting the dog point (tip) of the screw into the hole 1358, engagingthe complementary threads, and tightening the screw in the hole 1358.

Coupling the spring plunger 336 to the inserter handle 302 may includeinserting a compression spring (not shown) into the hole 900 of thespring plunger 336 and inserting the proximal end 892 of the springplunger 336 into the proximal portion of the hole 1372 of the inserterhandle 302 so that the second outer portion 898 protrudes distally intothe proximal portion 1364 of the slot 1360.

Coupling the lever link 340 and the return link 342 to the lever 312 mayinclude positioning the distal end 916 of the lever link 340 between theinner arms 884, 886 of the lever 312, next to the arm 884, with the hole924 aligned with the hole 888 and the tooth 918 facing away from the arm874; positioning the distal end 932 of the return link 342 between theinner arms 884, 886, next to the arm 886, with the hole 944 aligned withthe hole 888 and the foot 934 facing towards the proximal end 914 of thelever link; and inserting a pin (not shown) through the holes 888, 924,944 to hingedly connect the lever link 340 and the return link 342 tothe lever 312. The pin may only extend through the inner arms 884, 886,the lever link 340, and the return link 342. A compression spring (notshown) may be inserted in the holes 892, 926 to bias the lever link 340away from the lever 312.

Coupling the sub-assembly of the lever link 340, the return link 342,and the lever 312 to the inserter handle 302 (with spring plunger 336)may include inserting the inner arms 884, 886 of the lever 312 into thedistal portion 1366 of the slot 1360 of the inserter handle 302 so thatthe inserter handle 302 is between the outer arms 880, 882 and the leverlink 340 and the return link 342 extend into the proximal portion 1364of the slot 1360, inserting the second outer portion 898 of the springplunger 336 into the hole 942 of the return link 342, and inserting apin (not shown) into the holes 890, 1380. The spring plunger 336 andassociated compression spring may bias the lever 312 away from theinserter handle 302. The ledge 1368 fits in the notch 922 to control thedepth to which the tooth 918 extends into the first inner portion 1386of the hole 1384.

Coupling the shaft assembly 304 and the lock lever 314 to the inserterhandle 302 may include inserting the ring 1398 of the lock lever 314into the slot 1382 of the inserter handle 302 so that the stem 1400 andcap 1402 extend laterally outside the slot 1382 and the hole 1408 facesthe front surface 1330, inserting the proximal end 978 of the insertershaft 306 into the third inner portion 1389 of the hole 1384 in thedistal end 1320 of the inserter handle 302 and into the hole 1404 of thelock lever 314, aligning the grooves 986, 988 with the holes 1390, 1392,and inserting pins (not shown) into the holes 1390,1392 and grooves 986,988. A compression spring (not shown) may be inserted in the hole 1408to bear against a front wall of the slot 1382. The spring may bias thelock lever 314 toward the back surface 1332.

Inserting the lock tube assembly 318 into the shaft assembly 304 mayinclude inserting the distal end 1246 of the distal lock tube 326 intothe hole 992 in the proximal end 978 of the inserter shaft 306,advancing the lock tube assembly 318 into the shaft assembly 304 untilthe body 1220 of the lock tube coupling 320 enters the hole 992 and thepost 1226 enters the slot 982 or the slot 984, and twisting the locktube assembly 318 relative to the shaft assembly 304 to move the post1226 past the slot bend. When the shaft assembly 304, lock lever 314,inserter handle 302, and lock tube assembly 318 are operativelyassembled, the body 1220 of the lock tube coupling 320 may fit in thehole 1404 of the lock lever 314 and the posts 1222, 1226 of the locktube coupling 320 may fit in the keyway 1406 of the lock lever 314.

Coupling the shuttle 322 to the inserter handle 302 (with stop screw 316and release ring 344) may include inserting the proximal end 1240 of theproximal lock tube 324 in the fourth inner portion 976 of the hole 968at the distal end 948 of the shuttle 322, inserting the key 1428 of therelease ring 344 in the groove 958 at the distal end 948 of the shuttle322, sliding the shuttle 322 into the first inner portion 1386 of thehole 1384 until the dog point of the stop screw 316 slides into the slot966, and twisting the release ring 344 and shuttle 322 relative to theinserter handle 302 to move the dog point past the slot bend.

When the instrument 300 is operatively assembled as described in thepreceding steps, the proximal lock tube 324 is in the hole 968 of theshuttle 322, the tooth 918 of the lever link may engage the grooves 960of the shuttle 322, the tooth 906 of the ratchet 338 may engage thegrooves 962 of the shuttle 322, and a portion of the indicia 964 of theshuttle 322 may be exposed through the window 1342 of the inserterhandle 302.

Inserting the draw bar assembly 328 into the lock tube assembly 318 mayinclude inserting the distal end 1288 of the draw bar tip 332 into theinner diameter of the proximal end 1240 of the proximal lock tube 324and advancing the draw bar assembly 328 into the lock tube assembly 318until the proximal end 1240 enters the gap 1316.

Coupling the draw bar assembly 328 to the shuttle 322 may includeengaging the internal threads of the second inner portion 972 of thehole 968 of the shuttle 322 with the external threads 1276 of the drawbar handle 330 and tightening the threads until the flange 1272 abutsthe proximal end 946 of the shuttle 322.

The instrument 300 may be operated by rotating the release ring 344,pivoting the lock lever 314, and pivoting the lever 312.

The release ring 344 may be coupled to the shuttle 322 by the key 1428in the groove 958 so that the shuttle is free to slide axially relativeto the release ring, and the shuttle is rotationally coupled to therelease ring so that rotation of the release ring causes rotation of theshuttle. When the release ring 344 is rotated so that the groove 1420engages the ridge 1338, the slot 966 of the shuttle 322 may be free toslide axially relative to the stop screw 316 and the grooves 960, 962may rotate out of engagement with the teeth 918, 906, respectively. Whenthe release ring 344 is rotated so that the groove 1418 engages theridge 1336, the slot 966 may capture the stop screw 316 past the slotbend. Thus the release ring 344 and the stop screw 316 cooperate toconnect or disconnect the shuttle 322 and the inserter handle 302.

The lock lever 314 may be coupled to the lock tube coupling 320 by theposts 1222, 1226 in the keyway 1406 so that the lock tube coupling isfree to slide axially relative to the lock lever, and the lock tubecoupling is rotationally coupled to the lock lever so that rotation ofthe lock lever 314 causes rotation of the lock tube coupling. When thelock lever 314 is rotated toward the front surface 1330 of the inserterhandle 302, the posts 1222, 1226 may be free to slide axially relativeto the keyway 1406 and the slot 982 or 984 of the inserter shaft 306.When the lock lever 314 is rotated toward the back surface 1332, theslot 982 or 984 may capture the post 1226 past the slot bend. The locklever 314 may be biased toward the back surface 1332. The lock lever 314thus connects or disconnects the lock tube assembly 318 and the shaftassembly 304.

The lever 312 and associated ratchet mechanism 310 may be coupled to theother parts of the instrument 300 so that actuation of the lever causesproximal axial translation of the shuttle 322 relative to the inserterhandle 302. Pivoting the lever 312 away from the inserter handle 302 maymove the lever link 340 distally relative to the shuttle 322. Pivotingthe lever 312 toward the inserter handle 302 may move the lever link 340proximally. When the tooth 918 is engaged in a groove 960, pivoting thelever 312 toward the inserter handle 302 also may cause lineartranslation of the shuttle 322 proximally along the longitudinalinstrument axis 866 without rotation of the shuttle 322 about the axis866. Thus the lever link 340 may be referred to as a drive link of theratchet mechanism 310. The tooth 906 of the ratchet 338 may engage thegrooves 962 to prevent the shuttle 322 from moving distally.

Referring to FIGS. 86-91, another insertion and expansion instrument isshown. Instrument 1500 may be deployed to insert and expand implant1000, implant 1100 as shown, or another expandable intervertebralimplant. Other tools such as the draw bar assembly 160, funnel 170, tampassembly 180, and screwdriver assembly 190 disclosed herein may be used,or adapted for use, with instrument 1500 to deploy an implant, depositgraft material within the implant, and secure a locking fastener such asscrew 654.

The instrument 1500 may differ from instruments 100 and 300 in at leastthe following attributes. The draw bar may be engaged by a sliderbutton/lever that may prevent the draw bar from rotating, and may engagethe rotating portion of the inserter handle to enable expansion. Theslider button/lever may reduce the potential for incorrect user inputs,i.e., poka-yoke. The draw bar length may be adjustable so that one drawbar may be compatible with multiple implant lengths. The handle may beremovable from the tube portion of the instrument 1500 to minimize themass attached to the implant during bone graft insertion or other stepsin the methods of use. Minimizing the instrument mass attached to theimplant, and the associated moment arm through the center of gravity ofthe instrument mass, may minimize unintended motion or misalignment ofthe implant during steps in the methods of use. The funnel may be usedto unthread the inserter shaft (implant retainer shaft) from theimplant, for example, after installation of the lockout screw 654.

The instrument 1500 may include an inserter connector 1502 which may besimilar to inserter connector 138 or distal tip part 308, a connectorplate 1504 which may be similar to impaction cap 146, an inserter shaft1506 which may be similar to inserter shaft 136 or 306, an implantretainer shaft 1508 which may function similar to lock tube assembly 118or 318, a connector button 1510, a thumb wheel 1514, a wheel axle 1516,an inserter handle 1518, a knob strike plate 1520, a spline insert 1522,a rotation lock ring 1524, a cam lever 1526, a slider button 1528, athreaded slider 1530, a top knob part 1532, a bottom knob part 1534, anda draw bar assembly 1536 which may be similar to draw bar assembly 160or 328. The instrument 1500 may also include various pins, screws and/orbolts, springs, ball detents, and the like. These parts may be basicoff-the-shelf components, and they are generally not shown in thisdisclosure. The instrument 1500 extends from a proximal end 1538 to adistal end 1540 along a longitudinal instrument axis 1542.

Referring to FIGS. 92 and 93, the inserter connector 1502 extendsbetween a proximal end 1544 and a distal end 1546. The proximal end 1544may be circular in a proximal view. The distal end 1546 may berectangular in a distal view. The distal end 1546 may have roundedcorners in the distal view. The inserter connector 1502 may include,from proximal to distal, first, second, and third outer portions 1548,1550, 1552. The first outer portion 1548 may have a circular crosssection and may extend distally about one fourth to one third of theproximal-distal length of the inserter connector 1502. The second outerportion 1550 may be a curvaceous transition surface that blends betweenthe first and third outer portions 1548, 1552. The third outer portion1552 may include the rectangular distal end 1546. An outer distal edgeof the rectangle may be chamfered. The inserter connector 1502 mayinclude a central longitudinal hole 1554 that extends through the distaltip part between the proximal end 1544 and the distal end 1546. The hole1554 may include, from proximal to distal, first, second, and thirdinner portions 1556, 1558, 1560. The first inner portion 1556 may have acircular cross section and may extend distally about one fourth to onethird of the overall proximal-distal length of the inserter connector1502. The second inner portion 1558 may have a circular cross sectionwith a diameter that is less than the diameter of the first innerportion 1556. The cross sectional shape of the third inner portion 1560may be the superposition of a circle and a rectangle. The diameter ofthe circle may be less than the diameter of the first inner portion 1556and the same as or similar to the diameter of the second inner portion1558. The major dimension (length) of the rectangle may be greater thanthe diameter of the first inner portion 1556, and may be aligned withthe major dimension (length) of the rectangle of the third outer portion1552. The minor dimension (width) of the rectangle may be less than thediameter of the circle, and may be less than the diameter of the secondinner portion 1558. The rectangle may have rounded corners. The thirdinner portion 1560 may have a flat proximal end.

Referring to FIGS. 94 and 95, the connector plate 1504 extends between aproximal side 1562 and a distal side 1564. The connector plate 1504 maybe circular in a proximal or distal view. The connector plate 1504 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first and second outer portions 1566,1568. The first outer portion 1566 may taper inwardly from proximal todistal, and may be conical. The first outer portion 1566 may have a flatdistal end. The second outer portion 1568 may be cylindrical, with adiameter that is less than the minor diameter of the first outer portion1566. Bilateral holes 1570, 1572 may extend through the connector plate1504 between the proximal and distal sides 1562, 1564. A centrallongitudinal hole 1574 may extend through the connector plate 1504between the proximal and distal sides 1562, 1564. The hole may include,from proximal to distal, first, second, third, fourth, and fifth innerportions 1576, 1578, 1580, 1582, 1584. Each inner portion may have acircular cross section. The first inner portion 1576 may have a shortproximal-distal length and a circumferential chamfer around an innerproximal edge. The second inner portion 1578 may have a diameter that isgreater than the diameter of the first inner portion 1576. The thirdinner portion 1580 may have a diameter that is the same as or similar tothe diameter of the first inner portion 1576, and less than the diameterof the second inner portion 1578. There may be a tapered transitionbetween the second and third inner portions 1578, 1580. The distal endof the third inner portion 1580 may be flat and may be proximal to thedistal end of the first outer portion 1566. The fourth inner portion1582 may have a diameter that is less than the diameter of the firstinner portion 1576. The fifth inner portion 1584 may have a diameterthat is less than the diameter of the first inner portion 1576 andgreater than the diameter of the fourth inner portion 1582.

Referring to FIGS. 96 and 97, the inserter shaft 1506 extends between aproximal end 1586 and a distal end 1588. The inserter shaft 1506 may bea tubular part with circular outer and inner cross-sectional shapes. Theinserter shaft 1506 may include, from proximal to distal, first, second,and third outer portions 1590, 1592, 1594. The first outer portion 1590may have a short proximal-distal length. The outer diameter of thesecond outer portion 1592 may be greater than the outer diameter of thefirst outer portion 1590. The second outer portion 1592 may occupy mostof the overall proximal-distal length of the inserter shaft 1506. Thesecond outer portion 1592 may include one or more openings 1596. Fouropenings 1596 are shown evenly spaced along the length of the secondouter portion 1592. Each opening 1596 may extend through one wall of thesecond outer portion 1592, or through both walls as shown. The outerdiameter of the third outer portion 1594 may be the same as or similarto the outer diameter of the first outer portion 1590 and less than theouter diameter of the second outer portion 1592. The inserter shaft 1506may include a central longitudinal hole 1598 that extends through theinserter shaft between the proximal end 1586 and the distal end 1588.

The inserter connector 1502, connector plate 1504, and inserter shaft1506 may be coupled together in a shaft assembly 1600 like shaftassembly 116 or 304. See FIGS. 86 and 87. The shaft assembly 1600 mayalso include two pins (not shown) that protrude proximally from theholes 1570, 1572 in the connector plate 1504. The shaft assembly 1600may be assembled by inserting the first outer portion 1590 of theinserter shaft 1506 in the fourth inner portion 1582 of the connectorplate 1504 and inserting the third outer portion 1594 in the first innerportion 1556 of the inserter connector 1502. The holes 1570, 1572 may bealigned adjacent to the long sides of the rectangle of the third outerportion 1552. The shaft assembly 1600 may be a weldment. The diametersof the second inner portion 1558 of the inserter connector 1502, thefourth inner portion 1582 of the connector plate 1504, and the hole 1598of the inserter shaft 1506 may be the same or similar, and together,they may form a shaft assembly bore.

Referring to FIGS. 96 and 97, the implant retainer shaft 1508 extendsbetween a proximal end 1602 and a distal end 1604. The implant retainershaft 1508 may include, from proximal to distal, first, second, andthird outer portions 1606, 1608, 1610. The first outer portion 1606 maybe an elongated torque fitting, such as the hexagonal key shown. Thesecond outer portion 1608 may extend over most of the proximal-distallength of the implant retainer shaft 1508, and may have a circular crosssection with a diameter that is less than the minor diameter of thefirst outer portion 1606. The third outer portion 1610 may includeexternal threads. The major diameter of the threads may be the same asor similar to the diameter of the second outer portion 1608. A centrallongitudinal hole 1612 may extend through the implant retainer shaft1508 between the proximal and distal ends 1602, 1604.

Referring to FIGS. 100 and 101, the connector button 1510 extendsbetween a proximal end 1614 and a distal end 1616. The connector button1510 may have a flat inner side 1618 and an opposite outer side 1620. Ahole 1622 may extend into the inner side 1618. A transverse groove 1624may extend across the outer side 1620 near the proximal end 1614 so asto form a corresponding ledge 1626 along the outer proximal edge of theconnector button 1510. Bilateral thin ears 1628, 1630 may be located ateither end of the ledge 1626, forming the inner proximal corners of theconnector button 1510. A dimple 1632 may be present on the outer side1620. Bilateral slots 1634, 1636 may extend through the connector button1510 parallel to the inner side 1618 and through the ledge 1626. Theslots 1634, 1636 may intersect the groove 1624. A second connectorbutton 1512 is shown. The connector button 1512 may be a mirror image ofthe connector button 1510.

Referring to FIGS. 102 and 103, the thumb wheel 1514 extends between aproximal side 1638 and a distal side 1640. The thumb wheel 1514 may be agenerally disc- or ring-shaped part with one or more friction features1642 arranged around its outer perimeter, such as the ten scallopsshown. A central longitudinal hole 1644 may extend through the thumbwheel 1514 between the proximal and distal sides 1638, 1640. The hole1644 may include, from proximal to distal, first and second innerportions 1646,1648. The first inner portion 1646 may have a circularcross section and may extend distally about two fifths to half of theoverall proximal-distal length of the thumb wheel 1514. The second innerportion 1648 may be a torque fitting such as the hexagonal hole shown.The major dimension of the second inner portion 1648 may be less thanthe diameter of the first inner portion 1646.

Referring to FIGS. 104 and 105, the wheel axle 1516 extends between aproximal end 1650 and a distal end 1652. The wheel axle 1516 may be afunnel shaped part with a wide proximal mouth 1654 and a narrow distalstem 1656 or shaft. The mouth 1654 may taper towards the stem 1656. Acentral longitudinal hole 1658 may extend through the wheel axle 1516between the proximal and distal ends 1650, 1652. The hole 1658 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, and third innerportions 1660, 1662, 1664. The first inner portion 1660 may have a roundcross sectional shape and may correspond to the outer shape of the mouth1654. The second inner portion 1662 may have a circular cross sectionalshape and may extend distally into the stem 1656. The third innerportion 1664 may have a circular cross section with a diameter that isgreater than the diameter of the second inner portion 1662.

Referring to FIGS. 106-108, the inserter handle 1518 extends between aproximal end 1668 and a distal end 1670. The inserter handle 1518 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, third, and fourth outerportions 1672, 1674, 1676, 1678. The first outer portion 1672 may have acircular cross section and a short proximal-distal length. The secondouter portion 1674 may have a circular cross section with a diameterthat is less than the diameter of the first outer portion 1672. Thethird outer portion 1676 may be generally hourglass shaped or otherwisecontoured to be comfortably and ergonomically gripped by a user's hand.The proximal diameter of the third outer portion 1676 may be greaterthan the diameter of the first outer portion 1672, so that the secondouter portion 1674 forms a circumferential groove between the first andthird outer portions 1672, 1676. The fourth outer portion 1678 may havea circular cross section with a diameter that is less than the diameterof the second outer portion 1674 and the distal diameter of the thirdouter portion 1676. A transverse hole 1680 may extend through theinserter handle 1518 in the third outer portion 1676 along a firstdirection, which will be referred to as a front-back direction. The hole1680 may be rectangular or square and may have rounded corners. A pocket1682 may extend transversely into the inserter handle 1518 along asecond direction, which will be referred to as a right-left direction,which is 90 degrees from the first direction. The pocket 1682 may extendproximally into the third outer portion 1674 and distally into thefourth outer portion 1678. The pocket may be D-shaped, with a flatdistal side and a curved proximal side. A second pocket 1684 may extendinto the inserter handle 1518 opposite the pocket 1682, and may be amirror image of the pocket 1682. A central longitudinal hole 1686 mayextend through the inserter handle 1518 between the proximal and distalends 1668, 1670. The hole 1686 may include, from proximal to distal,first, second, third, and fourth inner portions 1688, 1690, 1692, 1694.The first inner portion 1688 may have a cross section that includes acircular portion that is concentric with the second, third, and fourthinner portions 1690, 1692, 1694, and an alcove portion 1696 that extendsradially away from the circular portion toward a first side of theinserter handle 1518, which will be referred to as a front side. Thedistal end of the first inner portion 1688 may be flat. A hole 1698 mayextend distally within the alcove portion 1696, and may be centeredwithin the alcove portion. The hole 1698 may include a counterbore 1700.The second inner portion 1690 may taper inwardly as it extends distally.The second inner portion 1690 may be conical. The major diameter of thesecond inner portion may be less than the diameter of the circularportion of the first inner portion 1688. The third inner portion 1692may have a circular cross section and may extend distally to the hole1680. The fourth inner portion 1694 may have a circular cross sectionwith a diameter that is the same as or similar to the diameter of thethird inner portion 1692. Bilateral holes 1702, 1704 may extendproximally into the distal end 1670 of the inserter handle 1518. Theholes 1702, 1704 may be located toward the front and back. Bilateralholes 1706, 1708 may extend proximally into the distal end 1670, andinto the proximal wall of the pocket 1682. Bilateral holes 1710, 1712may extend proximally into the distal end 1670, and into the proximalwall of the pocket 1684.

Referring to FIGS. 109 and 110, the knob strike plate 1520 extendsbetween a proximal end 1714 and a distal end 1716. The knob strike plate1520 may have flat left and right sides 1718, 1720 and an hourglassshape in a left or right view. The knob strike plate 1520 may includeone or more openings 1722. Two openings 1722 are shown extending along afront to back direction. Each opening 1722 may extend through one wallof the knob strike plate 1520, or through both walls as shown. A centrallongitudinal hole 1724 may extend through the knob strike plate 1520between the proximal and distal ends 1716. The hole 1724 may include,from proximal to distal, first, second, and third inner portions 1726,1728, 1730. The first inner portion 1726 may include a generallycircular central portion with bilateral longitudinal grooves 1732, 1734extending along the front and back, so that the first inner portion1726, taken as a whole, has a noncircular cross section. The first innerportion 1726 may extend distally over most of the proximal-distal lengthof the knob strike plate 1520, and may have a flat distal end. Thesecond inner portion 1728 may have a circular cross section with adiameter that is less than the diameter of the circular central portionof the first inner portion 1726. The second inner portion 1728 may havea short proximal-distal length. Bilateral holes 1736, 1738 may extenddistally through the second inner portion 1728, and may be aligned withthe grooves 1732, 1734. The holes 176, 1738 may be countersunk. Thethird inner portion 1730 may have a generally rectangular cross section,and may have rounded corners. The major dimension (length) of therectangle may be greater than the diameter of the circular centralportion of the first inner portion 1726, and may extend along a front toback direction. The third inner portion 1730 may extend through thefront side of the knob strike plate 1520, so that the front side has adistal notch. The minor dimension (width) of the rectangle may be lessthan the diameter of the circular central portion of the first innerportion 1726 and greater than the diameter of the second inner portion1728. Bilateral teeth 1740, 1742 may protrude toward each other from theleft and right walls of the third inner portion 1730 near the frontside.

Referring to FIGS. 111 and 112, the spline insert 1522 extends between aproximal end 1744 and a distal end 1746. The spline insert 1522 may havea cylindrical body 1748 with a unilateral tab 1750 extending radiallyoutward from the proximal end 1744. A longitudinal hole 1752 may extendthrough the tab 1750. The hole 1752 may be countersunk on the distalside of the tab 1750. A central longitudinal hole 1754 may include, fromproximal to distal, first and second inner portions 1756, 1758. Thefirst inner portion 1756 may have a circular cross section and mayinclude a shallow countersink or chamfer around an inner proximal edge.The second inner portion 1758 may include a torque fitting such as theinternal spline as shown.

Referring to FIGS. 113 and 114, the rotation lock ring 1524 extendsbetween a proximal end 1760 and a distal end 1762. The rotation lockring 1524 may include, from proximal to distal, first, second, third,and fourth outer portions 1764, 1766, 1768, 1770. The first outerportion 1764 may have a circular cross section and may include a roundedouter proximal edge. The second outer portion 1766 may have a circularcross section with a diameter that is less than the diameter of thefirst outer portion 1764. The third outer portion 1768 may have acircular cross section with a diameter that is the same as or similar tothe diameter of the first outer portion 1764. A distal outer edge of thethird outer portion may include a circumferential chamfer. The fourthouter portion 1770 may include a torque fitting such as the externalspline shown. The fourth outer portion 1770 may be complementary to thesecond inner portion 1758 of the spline insert 1522. A centrallongitudinal torque fitting 1772 may extend through the rotation lockring 1524 between the proximal and distal ends 1760, 1762. The torquefitting 1772 may be a hexagonal hole as shown. The proximal end 1760 ofthe rotation lock ring may be concave. The spline insert 1522 and therotation lock ring 1524 together may be referred to as a rotationlocking mechanism.

Referring to FIGS. 115 and 116, the cam lever 1526 extends between aproximal end 1774 and a distal end 1776. The cam lever 1526 may include,from proximal to distal, first and second portions 1778, 1780. The firstportion 1778 may include a hole 1782, a first notch 1784, a protrusion1786, a second notch 1788, and a tooth 1790. The hole 1782 may extendtransversely through the cam lever 1526. The hole 1782 may be near theproximal end 1774. A proximal/outer bearing surface 1783 may be locatednext to the hole 1782; the surface 1783 may be referred to as a firstfulcrum of the cam lever 1526. The first notch 1784 and the protrusion1786 may extend transversely across an outer side of the cam lever 1526distal to the hole 1782. The protrusion 1786 may be directly adjacent toa distal or outer side of the first notch 1784. The protrusion 1786 maybe referred to as a second fulcrum of the cam lever 1526. The secondnotch 1788 and the tooth 1790 may extend transversely across an innerside of the cam lever 1526 distal to the hole 1782. The tooth 1790 maybe directly adjacent to a proximal or inner side of the second notch1788. The second notch 1788 and the tooth 1790 may be distal to thefirst notch 1784 and the protrusion 1786. The second portion 1780 may bea distally extending arm for actuation by a user. The second portion1780 may be wider than the first portion 1778 so that rounded shoulders1792, 1794 are formed at the border between the first and secondportions 1778, 1780. The shoulders 1792, 1794 may face proximally andinwardly.

Referring to FIGS. 117-119, the slider button 1528 extends between aproximal end 1796 and a distal end 1798, and an outer side 1800 and aninner side 1802. The outer side 1800 may include an oval domed surface1804 with a longitudinal central trough 1806. The trough 1806 may begenerally rectangular and may extend through the distal end 1798. Awindow 1808 may extend through the slider button 1528 between the outerand inner sides 1800, 1802. The window 1808 may be rectangular, with itsmajor dimension (length) extending along a proximal-distal direction. Aflange 1810 may encircle the surface 1804 and may serve as a boundarybetween the outer and inner sides 1800, 1802. The flange 1810 may bediscontinuous in the vicinity of the window 1808. The inner side 1802may include, from proximal to distal, first, second, third, fourth,fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth portions 1812, 1814,1816, 1818, 1820, 1822, 1824, 1826, 1828, 1830. The first portion 1812may be parallel to the flange 1810 at a first distance from the innerside of the flange 1810. A hole 1832 may extend outwardly into the firstportion 1812 near the proximal end 1796. The second portion 1814 mayslope between the first and third portions 1812, 1816. The third portion1816 may be parallel to the flange 1810 at a second distance from theinner side of the flange, wherein the second distance is less than thefirst distance. The fourth portion 1818 may slope between the third andfifth portions 1816, 1820. The fourth portion 1818 may be parallel tothe second portion 1814. The fifth portion 1820 may be parallel to theflange 1810 at the same or similar level with the outer side of theflange. The sixth portion 1822 may slope between the fifth and seventhportions 1820, 1824. The seventh portion 1824 may be parallel to theflange 1810 and at the same or similar level with the third portion1816. The eighth portion 1826 may curve between the seventh and ninthportions 1824, 1828. The ninth portion 1828 may be parallel to theflange 1810 at a third distance from the inner side of the flange 1810,wherein the third distance is greater than the first distance. The tenthportion 1830 may protrude a fourth distance from the inner side of theflange 1810, and may extend distally past the flange. The tenth portion1830 may include a semicircular yoke 1834 that opens away from theflange 1810.

Referring to FIGS. 119 and 120, the threaded slider 1530 extends betweena proximal end 1836 and a distal end 1838, and an outer side 1840 and aninner side 1842. The threaded slider 1530 may be referred to as anactuator. The threaded slider 1530 may include a rectangular body 1844with a post 1846 extending from the inner side 1842. The outer side 1840may ramp outwardly from proximal to distal. A notch 1848 may extend intothe distal outer edge of the body 1844 between bilateral protrusions1850, 1852. A transverse hole 1854 may extend through the threadedslider 1530, through the protrusions 1850, 1852 and intersecting thenotch 1848. A shallow hole 1856 or dimple may extend inwardly into theouter side 1840 near the proximal end 1836 in line with the notch 1854.A longitudinal hole 1858 extends through the threaded slider 1530between the proximal and distal ends 1836, 1838. The hole 1858 mayinclude a first side portion 1860 toward the outer side 1840 and asecond side portion 1862 toward the inner side 1842. The first sideportion 1860 may include internal threads around about 180 degrees ofarc, i.e., along a half cylinder. The second side portion 1862 may besmooth, D-shaped, and larger than the major diameter of the internalthreads of the first portion 1860.

Referring to FIGS. 122-123, the top knob part 1532 extends between aproximal end 1864 and a distal end 1866, and an outer side 1868 and aninner side 1870. The outer side 1868 may be domed. A window 1872 mayextend through the top knob part 1532 between the outer and inner sides1868, 1870. The window 1872 may be oval or rectangular, with its majordimension (length) extending along a proximal-distal direction. Theinner side 1868 may be generally concave, and may include, from proximalto distal, first, second, third, fourth, and fifth portions 1874, 1876,1878, 1880, 1882. The first portion 1874 may have a semicircular crosssection and a short proximal-distal length. The second portion 1876 maybe oval or rectangular, with its major dimension extending along aproximal-distal direction. The second portion 1876 may be aligned withthe window 1872, and may extend over most of the proximal-distal lengthof the top knob part 1532. Bilateral longitudinal ledges 1884, 1886 mayextend along the inner edges of the window 1872. The third portion 1878may have a semicircular or half-oval cross section and a shortproximal-distal length. The first and third portions 1878 may have thesame or similar diameters (or radii), with the third portion 1878 offsettoward the outer side 1868. The fourth portion 1880 may have asemicircular cross section and a short proximal-distal length. Thediameter of the fourth portion 1880 may be greater than the diameter ofthe first portion 1874. The fourth portion 1880 may be concentric withthe first portion 1874. The fifth portion 1882 may have a semicircularcross section and a short proximal-distal length. The diameter of thefifth portion 1882 may be greater than the diameter of the first portion1874 and less than the diameter of the fourth portion 1880. The fifthportion 1882 may be concentric with the first portion 1874. When takentogether, the fourth portion 1880 may be referred to as a groove orundercut and the fifth portion 1882 may be referred to as a lip oroverhang. Bilateral holes 1888, 1890 may extend into the inner side 1870on either side of the third portion 1878. The holes 1888, 1890 mayinclude internal threads. The proximal end 1864 may include a protrusion1892 that is complementary to the third inner portion 1730 of the knobstrike plate 1520. The protrusion 1892 may be generally rectangular andmay include bilateral notches 1894, 1896 to receive the teeth 1740,1742. An internally threaded hole 1898 may extend distally into theprotrusion 1892 between the notches 1894, 1899 and beside the firstportion 1874.

Referring to FIGS. 124 and 125, the bottom knob part 1534 extendsbetween a proximal end 1900 and a distal end 1902, and an outer side1904 and an inner side 1906. The outer side 1904 may be domed. One ormore openings 1908 may extend through the bottom knob part 1534 betweenthe outer and inner sides 1902,1904. Two openings 1908 are shown.Bilateral holes 1910, 1912 may extend into the outerside 1904 near thedistal end 1902. The holes 1910, 1912 may include counterbores. Asemicircular wall 1914 or shell may protrude from the inner side 1906near the proximal end 1900 so that a convex side of the wall 1914 facesproximally. The wall 1914 may include a distally extending internallythreaded through hole 1916. A U-shaped or part-oval wall 1918 mayprotrude from the inner side 1906 near the distal end 1902 so that aconvex side of the wall 1918 faces distally. A hole 1920 may extendthrough the bottom knob part 1534 between the outer and inner sides1904, 1906. The hole 1920 may be located between the distal end of thewall 1914 and the proximal end of the wall 1918. The hole 1920 mayinclude, from inner to outer, first, second, and third inner portions1922, 1924, 1926. The first inner portion 1922 may have a rectangular orsquare cross section and may extend outwardly over most of theinner-outer thickness of the bottom knob part 1534. The first innerportion 1922 may have a flat outer end. The second inner portion 1924may have a circular cross section with a diameter that is less than theminor dimension of the first inner portion 1922. The second innerportion 1924 may have a flat outer end. The third inner portion 1926 mayhave a circular cross section with a diameter that is less than thediameter of the second inner portion 1924. A longitudinal hole 1928 mayextend through the bottom knob part 1534 between the proximal and distalends 1900, 1902. The hole 1928 may include, from proximal to distal,first, second, third, and fourth inner portions 1930, 1932, 1934, 1936.The first inner portion 1930 may have a circular cross section and mayextend distally into the proximal region of the wall 1918. The secondinner portion 1932 may have the same or similar diameter (radius) as thefirst inner portion 1930, but may be elongated toward the outer side1904 to form an oval cross section. The second inner portion 1932 mayextend through the distal end of the wall 1918. The third inner portion1934 may have a semicircular cross section with a diameter that isgreater than the diameter of the first inner portion 1930, and a shortproximal-distal length. The fourth inner portion 1936 may have asemicircular cross section with a diameter that is greater than thediameter of the first inner portion 1930 and less than the diameter ofthe third inner portion 1934, and a short proximal-distal length. Whentaken together, the third inner portion 1934 may be referred to as agroove or undercut and the fourth inner portion 1936 may be referred toas a lip or overhang.

The proximal end 1900 may include a protrusion 1938 that iscomplementary to the third inner portion 1730 of the knob strike plate1520 when taken together with the protrusion 1892 of the top knob part1532. The outer profile of the protrusion 1938 may be rectangular orsquare. An internally threaded hole 1940 may extend distally into theprotrusion 1938 beside the first inner portion 1930.

The connector buttons 1510, 1512, thumb wheel 1514, wheel axle 1516,inserter handle 1518, knob strike plate 1520, spline insert 1522,rotation lock ring 1524, cam lever 1526, slider button 1528, threadedslider 1530, top knob part 1532, and bottom knob part 1534 may becoupled together in a handle assembly 1942. See FIG. 87.

The handle assembly 1942 may be assembled by coupling the connectorbutton 1510 to the inserter handle 1518; coupling the thumb wheel 1514,wheel axle 1516, and spline insert 1522 to the inserter handle 1518;coupling the cam lever 1526, slider button 1528, threaded slider 1530,rotation lock ring 1524, and the top knob part 1532 together; couplingthe top and bottom knob parts 1532, 1534 to the inserter handle 1518;and coupling the knob strike plate 1520 to the top and bottom knob parts1532,1534.

Coupling the connector button 1510 to the inserter handle 1518 mayinclude inserting a compression spring (not shown) in the hole 1622,orienting the connector button 1510 and inserter handle 1518 with theproximal ends 1614, 1668 facing the same direction and the inner side1618 facing into the pocket 1682, inserting the connector button 1510into the pocket 1682, and inserting pins (not shown) into holes 1706,1708 and slots 1634, 1636. Coupling the connector button 1512 to theinserter handle 1518 may include similar steps with pocket 1684 andholes 1710, 1712.

Coupling the thumb wheel 1514, wheel axle 1516, and spline insert 1522to the inserter handle 1518 may include orienting the thumb wheel 1514and inserter handle 1518 with the proximal ends 1638, 1668 facing thesame direction, inserting the thumb wheel 1514 into the hole 1680,inserting a compression spring (not shown) into the third inner portion1664 of the wheel axle 1516, inserting the distal end 1652 of the wheelaxle 1516 through the third inner portion 1692 of the inserter handle1518 and into the first inner portion 1646 of the thumb wheel 1516,inserting the distal end 1746 of the spline insert 1522 into the firstinner portion 1688 of the inserter handle 1518, inserting the tab 1750into the alcove portion 1696, and inserting a pin (not shown) into holes1752, 1698.

Coupling the cam lever 1526, slider button 1528, threaded slider 1530,rotation lock ring 1524, and the top knob part 1532 together may includeinserting a ball detent (not shown) in the hole 1832 of the sliderbutton 1528; inserting the first portion 1778 of the cam lever 1526through the window 1808 of the slider button from the outer side 1800 sothat the second portion 1780 extends outwardly, the protrusion 1786faces proximally, and the tooth 1790 faces distally; inserting the firstportion 1778 into the notch 1848 of the threaded slider 1530 between theprotrusions 1850, 1852 so that the outwardly ramped outer side 1840abuts the fourth portion 1818; inserting a pin (not shown) into holes1854, 1782; engaging the yoke 1834 with the first and second outerportions 1764, 1766 of the rotation lock ring 1524 so that the proximalends 1760, 1796 face the same direction; and inserting the secondportion 1780 and slider button 1528 into the window 1872 of the top knobpart 1532 from the inner side 1870 so that the flange 1810 rests againstthe ledges 1884, 1886 and the proximal ends 1864, 1796 face the samedirection.

Coupling the top and bottom knob parts 1532, 1534 to the inserter handle1518 may include engaging the first outer portion 1672, the fourthportion 1880, and the third inner portion 1934; engaging the secondouter portion 1674, the fifth portion 1882, and the fourth inner portion1936 so that the inner sides 1870, 1904 are facing; and inserting screws(not shown) in the holes 1910, 1888 and the holes 1912, 1890. When thisstep is performed after the preceding steps, the post 1846 of thethreaded slider 1530 is in the hole 1920 of the bottom knob part 1534.

Coupling the knob strike plate 1520 to the top and bottom knob parts1532, 1534 may include abutting the inner sides 1870, 1904 so that theproximal ends 1864, 1900 face the same direction, inserting theprotrusions 1892, 1938 into the third inner portion 1730 so that thenotches 1894, 1896 receive the teeth 1740, 1742, and inserting screws(not shown) in the holes 1736, 1898, 1916 and the holes 1738, 1940.

The handle assembly 1942 may be operated by pressing the connectorbuttons 1510, 1512, rotating the thumb wheel 1514, pivoting the camlever 1526, and rotating the knob strike plate 1520, top knob part 1532,and bottom knob part 1534.

Pressing the connector buttons 1510, 1512 of the handle assembly 1942may enable the connector plate 1504 of the shaft assembly 1600 to bedisconnected from the handle assembly, and may also enable or facilitateconnecting the shaft assembly to the handle assembly. The connectorbuttons 1510, 1512 are biased outwardly so that the handle assembly willretain the shaft assembly.

Turning the thumb wheel 1514 may rotate the implant retainer shaft 1508to connect and disconnect the instrument 1500 and implant 1100. Morespecifically, turning the thumb wheel 1514 may engage and disengage theexternal threads of the third outer portion 1610 of the implant retainershaft 1508 and the internal threads 1155 of the second end body 1152 ofthe implant 1100.

Pivoting the cam lever 1526 may engage and disengage the internalthreads of the first side portion 1860 of the hole 1858 of the threadedslider 1530 and the externally threaded portion 2036 of the shaft 2032of the threaded shaft 1954, discussed below. Pivoting the cam lever 1526inwardly (distally) may also lock the slider button 1528 in its distalposition, due to the interaction of the tooth 1790 with the distal edgeof the window 1808. Pivoting the cam lever 1526 outwardly may providesufficient mechanical advantage to overcome residual friction and/orpotential energy within the instrument 1500 after expanding the implant1100, to disengage the threads of the threaded slider 1530 from thethreaded shaft 1954. The mechanical advantage may be due first to theinteraction of the first fulcrum, surface 1783, with the proximal edgeof the window 1808, and second to the interaction of the second fulcrum,protrusion 1786, with the proximal portion of the trough 1806 next tothe proximal edge of the window 1808.

Rotating the knob strike plate 1520, top knob part 1532, and bottom knobpart 1534 relative to the inserter handle 1518 may cause lineartranslation of the draw bar assembly 1536 along the longitudinalinstrument axis 1542 without rotation of the draw bar assembly 1536about the axis 1542, due to the engaged threads of the threaded slider1530 and the threaded shaft 1954, and the sixth outer portion 1974 ofthe handle 1944 in the torque fitting 1772 of the rotation lock ring1524.

Referring to FIGS. 126-129, the draw bar assembly 1536 may include ahandle 1944, a pull rod 1946, a set screw 1948, a button 1950, a buttonspring 1952, a threaded shaft 1954, a retainer 1956, and a retainerspring 1958.

The handle 1944 extends between a proximal end 1960 and a distal end1962. The handle 1944 may include, from proximal to distal, first,second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth outer portions 1964, 1966, 1968,1970, 1972, 1974. The first outer portion 1964 may have the largestouter diameter of the handle 1944. Friction features 1976 may beincluded around the first outer portion 1964, such as the ten scallopsshown. The second outer portion 1966 may have a circular cross sectionwith a diameter that is less than the diameter of the first outerportion 1964. A transverse hole 1978 may extend through the second outerportion 1966. The hole 1978 may include, in sequence, first, second, andthird inner portions 1980, 1982, 1984. The first inner portion 1980 maybe rectangular or square, and may have a flat bottom. The second innerportion 1982 may have a circular cross section with a diameter that isless than the dimension of the first inner portion 1980. The third innerportion 1984 may also have a circular cross section, with a diameterthat is less than the diameter of the second inner portion 1982. Thethird outer portion 1968 may have a circular cross section with adiameter less than the diameter of the second outer portion 1966, and ashort proximal-distal length. The fourth outer portion 1970 may includeexternal threads. The fifth outer portion 1972 may be a torque fitting,such as the hex key shown. The dimensions of the torque fitting may beless than the diameters of the first, second, and third outer portions1964, 1966, 1968. The sixth outer portion 1974 may also be a torquefitting, such as the hex key shown. The dimensions of the sixth outerportion 1974 may be less than the dimensions of the fifth outer portion1972. A central longitudinal hole 1986 may extend through the handle1944 between the proximal and distal ends 1960, 1962. The hole 1986 mayinclude, from proximal to distal, first, second, and third innerportions 1988, 1990, 1992. The first inner portion 1988 may have a shortproximal-distal length and may include internal threads. The secondinner portion 1990 may be smooth with a circular cross section with adiameter that is less than the minor diameter of the threads of thefirst inner portion 1988. The third inner portion 1992 may have acircular cross section with a diameter that is less than the diameter ofthe second inner portion 1990.

The pull rod 1946 extends between a proximal end 1994 and a distal end1996. The pull rod 1946 may include, from proximal to distal, first,second, third, fourth, and fifth portions 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006.The first portion 1998 may have a generally circular cross section and ashort proximal-distal length. The second portion 2000 may have thelargest cross sectional dimension of the pull rod 1946. Bilaterallongitudinal flats 2008, 2010 may extend along the first and secondportions 1998, 2000. The dimension between the flats 2008, 2010 may beless than the diameter of the first portion 1998. A unilateral flat 2012may extend along the second portion 2000 without affecting the firstportion 1998. A transverse notch 2014 may extend into the second portion2000 through the side with the flat 2012. Multiple notches may bepresent, for example a linear array of notches along the side with theflat 2012. The third portion 2002 may have a circular cross section witha diameter that is less than the diameter of the first portion 1998, andmay be the same as or similar to the dimension between the flats 2008,2010. The third portion 2002 may extend over most of the proximal-distallength of the pull rod 1946. The fourth portion 2004 may have a circularcross section with a diameter that is less than the diameter of thethird portion 2002. The fifth portion 2006 may include external threads,with the major diameter of the threads the same as or similar to thediameter of the fourth portion 2004. The pull rod 1946 may includeindicia 2016, such as text, icons, lines, or other markings.

The button 1950 may include a generally rectangular or square body 2018.A post 2020 may extend from the body 2018. A hole 2022 may extendthrough the body, transverse to the post 2020. The hole 2022 may berectangular or oval in cross section, with the major dimension of therectangle or oval extending in line with the post 2020. A rib 2024 mayprotrude from an inner wall of the hole adjacent to the post 2020. Therib 2024 may be oriented transverse to the hole 2022.

The threaded shaft 1954 extends between a proximal end 2026 and a distalend 2028. The threaded shaft 1954 may include a proximal head 2030 and adistal shaft 2032 extending from the head. The shaft 2032 may include aproximal smooth portion 2034 and a distal externally threaded portion2036. Bilateral longitudinal troughs 2038, 2040 may extend across thejunction between the head 2030 and the smooth portion 2034. The threadform of the threaded portion 2036 may be a buttress thread for highaxial thrust in one direction. The load-bearing thread face may besubstantially perpendicular to the thread axis. The load-bearing threadface of the threaded shaft 1954 may face toward the distal end 2028. Acentral longitudinal hole 2042 may extend through the threaded shaft1954 between the proximal and distal ends 2026, 2028. The hole 2042 maybe a torque fitting such as the hexagonal hole shown.

The retainer 1956 extends between a proximal end 2044 and a distal end2046. The retainer 1956 may be a tubular part. Indicia 2048 may bepresent on the outer surface of the retainer, such as text, icons,graphics, lines, and the like. A central longitudinal hole 2050 mayextend through the retainer 1956 between the proximal and distal ends2044, 2046. The hole 2050 may include, from proximal to distal, first,second, third, and fourth inner portions 2052, 2054, 2056, 2058. Thefirst inner portion 2052 may have a circular cross section. The secondinner portion 2054 may include internal threads. The major diameter ofthe threads may be the same as or similar to the diameter of the firstinner portion 2052. The third inner portion 2056 may have a circularcross section with a diameter that is the same as or similar to theminor diameter of the threads of the second inner portion 2054. Thethird inner portion 2056 may have a flat distal end. The fourth innerportion 2058 may have a circular cross section with a diameter that isless than the diameter of the third inner portion 2056.

The draw bar assembly 1536 may be assembled by inserting the spring 1952into the second inner portion 1982 of the hole 1978 of the handle 1944;inserting the button 1950 into the hole 1978 of the handle 1944 so thatthe post 2020 is received in the third inner portion 1984 and the body2018 is received in the first inner portion 1980; depressing the button1950 while inserting the distal end 1996 of the pull rod 1946 into thehole 1986 in the proximal end 1960 of the handle 1944 and advancing thepull rod 1946 until the notch 2014 receives the rib 2024; tightening theset screw 1948 in the first inner portion 1988; inserting the distal end1962 of the handle 1944 into the hole 2042 in the proximal end 2026 ofthe threaded shaft 1954 and advancing the handle 1944 until the hole2042 receives the fifth outer portion 1972; inserting a retainer spring1958 in each trough 2038, 2040; and inserting the distal end 2028 of thethreaded shaft 1954 into the hole 2050 in the proximal end 2044 of theretainer 1956 and advancing the threaded shaft 1954 until the firstinner portion 2052 of the retainer 1956 receives the third outer portion1968 of the handle 1944, the second inner portion 2054 threads onto thefourth outer portion 1970, and the third inner portion 2056 receives thehead 2030 of the threaded shaft 1954.

The draw bar assembly 1536 may be operated by depressing the button 1950while sliding the pull rod 1946 proximally or distally to engagedifferent notches like notch 2014. Different pull rods may besubstituted in the draw bar assembly 1536 as well. Different draw barlengths and/or configurations may be compatible with different implantlengths (in the collapsed configuration) or configurations (i.e.,implants for anterior, posterior, lateral, or transforaminal interbodyfusion and the like). The draw bar assembly 1536 may be an improvementin the art because it may be adjustable to provide the draw bar lengththat corresponds to any given implant length. Even if an incorrect drawbar length is initially selected, the draw bar assembly 1536 may bere-adjusted to the correct draw bar length quickly and easily, and withpositive confirmation that the correct length has been chosen. The drawbar assembly 1536 also reduces instrument inventory versus a set of drawbars of different lengths.

The instrument 1500 may be assembled by coupling the implant retainershaft 1508 to the handle assembly 1942, coupling the shaft assembly 1600to the handle assembly 1942, and coupling the draw bar assembly 1536 tothe handle assembly 1942.

Coupling the implant retainer shaft 1508 to the handle assembly 1942 mayinclude inserting the proximal end 1602 of the implant retainer shaft1508 into the fourth inner portion 1694 of the hole 1686 at the distalend 1670 of the inserter handle 1518 and advancing the implant retainershaft 1508 until the first outer portion 1606 is received in the secondinner portion 1648 of the hole 1644 of the thumb wheel 1514.

Coupling the shaft assembly 1600 to the handle assembly 1942 may includeinserting the pins protruding proximally from the holes 1570, 1572 ofthe connector plate 1504 into the holes 1702, 1704 of the inserterhandle 1518, inserting the proximal end 1668 of the inserter handle intothe hole 1574 in the proximal side 1562 of the connector plate so thatthe first outer portion 1672 is received in the third inner portion1580, the ledge 1626 of the connector button 1510 is received in thesecond inner portion 1578, and the first inner portion 1576 is receivedin the groove 1624 (likewise for connector button 1512). Optionally, theconnector buttons 1510, 1512 may be depressed during this step.

Coupling the draw bar assembly 1536 to the handle assembly 1942 mayinclude rotating the cam lever 1526 outwardly, inserting the distal end1996 of the pull rod 1946 into the hole 1724 in the proximal end 1714 ofthe knob strike plate 1520 and advancing the draw bar assembly 1536 sothat the fourth and fifth portions 2004, 2002 are received in the hole1612 of the implant retainer shaft 1606, the sixth outer portion 1974 ofthe handle 1944 is received in the torque fitting 1772 of the rotationlock ring 1524 and the second inner portion 1662 of the wheel axle 1516,the threaded portion 2036 of the threaded shaft 1954 is received in thehole 1858 of the threaded slider 1530 and the hole 1928 of the bottomknob part 1534, and the retainer 1956 is received in the hole 1724 ofthe knob strike plate 1520. The draw bar assembly 1536 may slide intothe handle assembly 1942 without rotation about the axis 1542. After thedraw bar assembly 1536 is fully inserted into the handle assembly 1942,the cam lever 1526 may be rotated inwardly to engage the threads of thethreaded slider 1530 and the threaded shaft 1954.

The instrument 1500 may be operated by pressing the connector buttons1510, 1512, rotating the thumb wheel 1514, pivoting the cam lever 1526,and rotating the knob strike plate 1520, top knob part 1532, and bottomknob part 1534.

Various additional tools may be used with instrument 1500 to implant andexpand an intervertebral implant. The instrument 1500 and selectedadditional tools may be provided in a kit and together they may bereferred to as an instrument set or system. FIGS. 130-139 showadditional tools for use with instrument 1500, including a trialassembly 2060, a funnel 2062, and a screwdriver assembly 2064.

Referring to FIGS. 130-133, the trial assembly 2060 may include a handle2066, a block 2068, a head 2070, and a shaft 2072. A distal end 2074 ofthe shaft 2072 may be received in a proximal hole 2076 in the head 2070.The block 2068 may be received in a distal hole 2078 in the handle 2066.The block 2068 and hole 2078 may have complementary round proximalportions 2080 and complementary rectangular or square distal portions2082, 2084. The block 2068 may be retained in the handle 2066 by a pin(not shown) through holes 2086, 2088. A proximal end 2090 of the shaft2072 may be received in a distal hole 2092 in the block 2068. The head2070, shaft 2072, and block 2068 may be a weldment. Alternatively, thehandle 2066, block 2068, head 2070, and shaft 2072 may be combined in asingle part. The trial assembly 2060 may include various markings orother indicia 2094 to convey the dimensions of the trial and thecorresponding implant state (for example, expanded or collapsed).

Referring to FIGS. 134 and 135, the funnel 2062 may include a wide mouth2096 that tapers inwardly to a narrow stem 2098 or spout. The stem 2098may include a torque fitting 2100, which in this example is a hexagonalhole in the distal end of the stem. The torque fitting 2100 may be sizedand shaped to receive the first outer portion 1606 at the proximal end1602 of the implant retainer shaft 1508. This enables the funnel 2062 tobe coupled to the implant retainer shaft 1508 for delivery of graftmaterial, and it enables the funnel 2062 to be used to unthread theimplant retainer shaft 1508, for example after the lockout screw 654 hasbeen inserted. See FIGS. 157 and 158.

Referring to FIGS. 27, 35, 36, the tamp assembly 180 may be used withthe instrument 1500 and implant 1100 as described above for theinstrument 100 and implant 1000.

Referring to FIGS. 136-139, the screwdriver assembly 2064 may include ahandle 2102 and a shaft 2104. The handle 2102 may be the same as orsimilar to the handle 176 of FIGS. 29, 37, and 38. The shaft 2104 may bethe same as or similar to the shaft 178. A proximal end 2118 of theshaft 2104 may be received in a distal end 2120 of the handle 2102.

Referring to FIGS. 43 and 44, the lockout screw 654 may be used with theinstrument 1500 and implant 1100 as described above for the instrument100 and implant 1000.

Referring to FIGS. 140-142, implant 1100 is expandable along ahorizontal or lateral or transverse or medial-lateral axis 104 and avertical or cephalocaudal axis 106. Axis 102 is an anterior-posterioraxis. Implant 1100 includes a first support member 1140 and a secondsupport member 1130, the support members connected by a first end body1150 and a second end body 1152. First support member 1140 may includean upper support body 1142 and a lower support body 1144. Second supportmember 1130 may include an upper support body 1132 and a lower supportbody 1134. Internal threads 1155 are included in the second end body1152 for connection to the implant retainer shaft 1508. A plurality oflink members 1160, 1162, 1166, 1168 pivotably connect each of the firstand second end bodies 1150, 1152 to each of the support members 1130,1140. Lower support body 1144 includes ramped expansion slots 1174,1176, and upper support body 1142 includes ramped expansion slots1170,1172. A chamber 1122 may exist in the midst of the support bodies1142, 1144, 1132, 1134, at least when the implant 1100 is expanded. Theimplant 1100 is representative of the intervertebral cages described inpending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/244,446.

Referring to FIGS. 143-160, methods are shown for inserting andexpanding an expandable intervertebral implant with instrument 1500 andrelated instruments.

FIGS. 143 and 144 show a step of using the trial assembly 2060 in anintervertebral space to determine a suitable size for the implant 1100.The trial assembly 2060 may be inserted into the intervertebral space asshown and then rotated 90 degrees about its longitudinal axis tosimulate implant vertical expansion.

FIGS. 145 and 146 show a step of coupling the instrument 1500 andimplant 1100 together. Note that the cam lever 1526 has been rotatedoutwardly so that the draw bar assembly 1536 may be inserted into theinstrument 1500 and rotated to engage the threads of the fifth portion2006 of the pull rod 1946 of the draw bar assembly 1536 with the threads1155 of the second end body 1152 of the implant 1100.

FIGS. 147 and 148 show a step of locking the instrument 1500 and implant1100 together. Note that the cam lever 1526 has been rotated inwardly(distally). With the cam lever in this position, the external spline ofthe fourth outer portion 1770 of the rotation lock ring 1524 is engagedwith the internal spline of the second inner portion 1758 of the splineinsert 1522 to prevent the draw bar assembly 1536 from rotating aboutthe axis 1542, and the internal threads of the first side portion 1860of the hole 1858 of the threaded slider 1530 engage the externallythreaded portion 2036 of the threaded shaft 1954 of the draw barassembly 1536 to prepare the instrument 1500 to be actuated to expandthe implant 1100.

FIGS. 149 and 150 show a step of expanding the implant 1100 laterally.The knob strike plate 1520, top knob part 1532, and bottom knob part1534 may be rotated together in a clockwise direction relative to theinserter handle 1518 to rotate the internal threads of the first sideportion 1860 of the hole 1858 of the threaded slider 1530 relative tothe externally threaded portion 2036 of the threaded shaft 1954 of thedraw bar assembly 1536 to urge the draw bar assembly proximally toexpand the implant 1100.

FIGS. 151 and 152 show a step of expanding the implant 1100 vertically.This step may be functionally continuous with the step of expanding theimplant laterally. Note that implant 1100 features bilateral verticalexpansion of the first and second support members 1140, 1130.

FIGS. 153 and 154 show a step of releasing the cam lever 1526 afterimplant expansion is complete. Releasing the cam lever 1526 disengagesthe external spline of the fourth outer portion 1770 of the rotationlock ring 1524 from the internal spline of the second inner portion 1758of the spline insert 1522 so that the draw bar assembly 1536 can rotateabout the axis 1542, and disengages the internal threads of the firstside portion 1860 of the hole 1858 of the threaded slider 1530 from theexternally threaded portion 2036 of the threaded shaft 1954 of the drawbar assembly 1536 by moving the threaded slider 1530 transverse to theaxis 1542 so that the smooth second side portion 1862 of the hole 1858approaches the externally threaded portion 2036.

FIGS. 155 and 156 show a step of unlocking the instrument 1500 andimplant 1100. This step may be functionally continuous with thepreceding step. At this point, the draw bar assembly 1536 may be removedfrom the instrument 1500.

FIG. 157 shows a step of removing the handle assembly 1942 from theshaft assembly 1600 and the implant retainer shaft 1508. The connectorbuttons 1510, 1512 are depressed to disconnect the shaft assembly 1600from the handle assembly 1942, which also allows the implant retainershaft 1508 to slide out. Note that the handle assembly 1942 may weighmuch more than the shaft assembly 1600 and implant retainer shaft 1508together, and the handle assembly 1942 is located at the opposite end ofthe shaft assembly 1600 from the implant 1100. Thus removing the handleassembly 1942 significantly reduces the force moment on the implant 1100due to the weight of attached instrument apparatus. Force moment is theforce times the moment arm. In the current step, the force is the weightof the handle assembly 1942 due at least to gravity. The moment arm isapproximately the length of the shaft assembly 1600 modified withtrigonometry to take into account the angle between the shaft assembly1600 and true vertical, for example for TLIF, the length of the shaftassembly 1600 times the cosine of 30 degrees. The true moment arm is thehorizontal distance between the centers of gravity of the implant 1100and the handle assembly 1942. Additionally, the removable handleassembly 1942 shortens the length of the screwdriver 2064 and itsassociated force moment on the implant 1100.

FIG. 158 shows a step of coupling the funnel 2062 to the implantretainer shaft 1508 (not visible in this figure) and inserting the tampassembly 180 through the funnel and into the shaft assembly 1600.

FIG. 159 shows a step of inserting the locking screw 654 using the screwdriver assembly 2064 through the funnel 2062 and shaft assembly 1600. Astep of using the funnel 2062 to unscrew the implant retainer shaft 1508from the implant 1100 is not shown.

FIG. 160 shows a view of the implant 1100 in its final implanted state.

The terms “upper” and “lower”, and “top” and “bottom”, “front” and“rear” are used as relative terms herein for ease of description andunderstanding. It is understood that in embodiments of the disclosure,upper and lower entities may be reversed, as may top and bottom, frontand rear.

Any methods disclosed herein includes one or more steps or actions forperforming the described method. The method steps and/or actions may beinterchanged with one another. In other words, unless a specific orderof steps or actions is required for proper operation of the embodiment,the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified.

Reference throughout this specification to “an embodiment” or “theembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristicdescribed in connection with that embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment. Thus, the quoted phrases, or variations thereof, as recitedthroughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to thesame embodiment.

Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the above description ofembodiments, various features are sometimes grouped together in a singleembodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose ofstreamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure, however, is notto be interpreted as reflecting an intention that any claim require morefeatures than those expressly recited in that claim. Rather, as thefollowing claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in a combination offewer than all features of any single foregoing disclosed embodiment.Thus, the claims following this Detailed Description are herebyexpressly incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claimstanding on its own as a separate embodiment. This disclosure includesall permutations of the independent claims with their dependent claims.

Recitation in the claims of the term “first” with respect to a featureor element does not necessarily imply the existence of a second oradditional such feature or element. Elements recited inmeans-plus-function format are intended to be construed in accordancewith 35 U.S.C. § 112 Para. 6. It will be apparent to those having skillin the art that changes may be made to the details of theabove-described embodiments without departing from the underlyingprinciples of the technology.

While specific embodiments and applications of the present technologyhave been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that thetechnology is not limited to the precise configuration and componentsdisclosed herein. Various modifications, changes, and variations whichwill be apparent to those skilled in the art may be made in thearrangement, operation, and details of the methods and systems of thepresent technology disclosed herein without departing from the spiritand scope of the technology.

1. An instrument comprising: a first instrument part that is removablyconnectable to a first implant part of an implant; and a secondinstrument part that is removably connectable to a second implant partof the implant; wherein, when the first instrument part is connected tothe first implant part, the second instrument part is connected to thesecond implant part, and the instrument is actuated, the firstinstrument part and the first implant part translate relative to thesecond instrument part and the second implant part along a centrallongitudinal first axis of the instrument without rotating about thefirst axis during instrument actuation.
 2. The instrument of claim 1,wherein the first instrument part comprises a draw bar that is removablyconnectable to the first implant part by rotation of the draw bar aboutthe first axis; wherein the instrument further comprises an actuator anda rotation lock; wherein instrument actuation comprises movement of theactuator in engagement with the draw bar to translate the draw barrelative to the second instrument part and the second implant part alongthe first axis; wherein when the rotation lock is engaged, the draw barcannot rotate about the first axis, wherein when the rotation lock isdisengaged, the draw bar is free to rotate about the first axis; whereinthe instrument comprises a first state in which the actuator isdisengaged from the draw bar, the rotation lock is disengaged, and thedraw bar is free to translate along and rotate about the first axis;wherein the instrument comprises a second state in which the actuator isengaged with the draw bar, the rotation lock is engaged, and the drawbar is prevented from rotating about the first axis.
 3. The instrumentof claim 2, wherein the rotation lock comprises a rotation lock ring anda spline insert, wherein the rotation lock ring and the draw bar arefixed together for rotation about the first axis, wherein the splineinsert is fixed in translation along and rotation about the first axis,wherein the spline insert is removably connectable to the rotation lockring; wherein when the rotation lock is engaged, the spline insert isconnected to the rotation lock ring so that the rotation lock ringcannot rotate about the first axis, wherein when the rotation lock isdisengaged, the spline insert is disconnected from the rotation lockring so that the rotation lock ring is free to rotate about the firstaxis; wherein the actuator and the rotation lock are coupled together sothat the actuator engages the draw bar when the rotation lock is engagedand the actuator disengages from the draw bar when the rotation lock isdisengaged.
 4. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the draw bar comprisesthreads; wherein the actuator comprises a threaded slider, wherein thethreaded slider comprises threads that engage the threads of the drawbar, wherein instrument actuation comprises rotation of the threadedslider threads in engagement with the draw bar threads to translate thedraw bar relative to the second instrument part and the second implantpart along the first axis.
 5. The instrument of claim 1, wherein thefirst instrument part comprises a draw bar that is removably connectableto the first implant part by rotation of the draw bar about the firstaxis; wherein the instrument further comprises a shuttle and anactuator; wherein the shuttle is fixed in rotation about the first axis,wherein the shuttle and the draw bar are fixed together for translationalong the first axis; wherein instrument actuation comprises movement ofthe actuator in engagement with the shuttle to translate the shuttle andthe draw bar relative to the second instrument part and the secondimplant part along the first axis.
 6. The instrument of claim 5, whereinthe shuttle comprises threads; wherein the actuator comprises a threadeddriver, wherein the threaded driver comprises threads that engage thethreads of the shuttle, wherein instrument actuation comprises rotationof the threaded driver threads in engagement with the shuttle threads totranslate the shuttle and the draw bar relative to the second instrumentpart and the second implant part along the first axis.
 7. The instrumentof claim 6, wherein the shuttle comprises a series of transversegrooves; wherein the actuator comprises a ratchet mechanism, wherein theratchet mechanism comprises a drive link that engages the series oftransverse grooves, wherein instrument actuation comprises translationof the drive link in engagement with the series of transverse grooves totranslate the shuttle and the draw bar relative to the second instrumentpart and the second implant part along the first axis.
 8. An instrumentcomprising: a first instrument part that is removably connectable to afirst implant part of an implant by rotation of the first instrumentpart relative to the first implant part about a central longitudinalaxis of the instrument; and a second instrument part that is removablyconnectable to a second implant part of the implant; wherein, when thefirst instrument part is connected to the first implant part, the secondinstrument part is connected to the second implant part, and theinstrument is actuated, the first instrument part and the first implantpart translate relative to the second instrument part and the secondimplant part along the central longitudinal axis of the instrument sothat the first implant part approaches the second implant part, whereinthe first instrument part is prevented from rotating about the centrallongitudinal axis while the first instrument part and the first implantpart are translating.
 9. The instrument of claim 8, wherein theinstrument further comprises an actuator and a rotation lock; whereininstrument actuation comprises movement of the actuator in engagementwith the first instrument part to translate the first instrument partrelative to the second instrument part and the second implant part alongthe first axis; wherein when the rotation lock is engaged, the firstinstrument part is prevented from rotating about the centrallongitudinal axis, wherein when the rotation lock is disengaged, thefirst instrument part is free to rotate about the first axis; whereinthe instrument comprises a first state in which the actuator isdisengaged from the first instrument part, the rotation lock isdisengaged, and the first instrument part is free to translate along androtate about the first axis; wherein the instrument comprises a secondstate in which the actuator is engaged with the first instrument part,the rotation lock is engaged, and the first instrument part is preventedfrom rotating about the first axis.
 10. The instrument of claim 9,wherein the rotation lock comprises a rotation lock ring and a splineinsert, wherein the rotation lock ring and the first instrument part arefixed together for rotation about the first axis, wherein the splineinsert is fixed in translation along and rotation about the first axis,wherein the spline insert is removably connectable to the rotation lockring; wherein when the rotation lock is engaged, the spline insert isconnected to the rotation lock ring so that the rotation lock ringcannot rotate about the first axis, wherein when the rotation lock isdisengaged, the spline insert is disconnected from the rotation lockring so that the rotation lock ring is free to rotate about the firstaxis; wherein the actuator and the rotation lock are coupled together sothat the actuator engages the first instrument part when the rotationlock is engaged and the actuator disengages from the first instrumentpart when the rotation lock is disengaged.
 11. The instrument of claim10, wherein the first instrument part comprises threads; wherein theactuator comprises a threaded slider, wherein the threaded slidercomprises threads that engage the threads of the first instrument part,wherein instrument actuation comprises rotation of the threaded sliderthreads in engagement with the first instrument part threads totranslate the first instrument part relative to the second instrumentpart and the second implant part along the first axis.
 12. Theinstrument of claim 8, wherein the instrument further comprises ashuttle and an actuator; wherein the shuttle is fixed in rotation aboutthe first axis, wherein the shuttle and the first instrument part arefixed together for translation along the first axis; wherein instrumentactuation comprises movement of the actuator in engagement with theshuttle to translate the shuttle and the first instrument part relativeto the second instrument part and the second implant part along thefirst axis.
 13. The instrument of claim 12, wherein the shuttlecomprises threads; wherein the actuator comprises a threaded driver,wherein the threaded driver comprises threads that engage the threads ofthe shuttle, wherein instrument actuation comprises rotation of thethreaded driver threads in engagement with the shuttle threads totranslate the shuttle and the first instrument part relative to thesecond instrument part and the second implant part along the first axis.14. The instrument of claim IB, wherein the shuttle comprises a seriesof transverse grooves; wherein the actuator comprises a ratchetmechanism, wherein the ratchet mechanism comprises a drive link thatengages the series of transverse grooves, wherein instrument actuationcomprises translation of the drive link in engagement with the series oftransverse grooves to translate the shuttle and the first instrumentpart relative to the second instrument part and the second implant partalong the first axis.
 15. An instrument comprising: a draw bar that isremovably connectable to a first implant part of an implant by rotationof the draw bar relative to the first implant part about a centrallongitudinal axis of the instrument, wherein the draw bar is carried ata first end of a first shaft; and a second instrument part that isremovably connectable to a second implant part of the implant, whereinthe second instrument part is carried at a first end of a second shaft;wherein the instrument is actuatable to translate the draw bar towardthe second instrument part along the central longitudinal axis so thatthe draw bar does not rotate about the central longitudinal axis duringinstrument actuation.
 16. The instrument of claim 15, wherein theinstrument further comprises an actuator and a rotation lock; whereininstrument actuation comprises movement of the actuator in engagementwith the draw bar to translate the draw bar relative to the secondinstrument part and the second implant part along the first axis;wherein when the rotation lock is engaged, the draw bar cannot rotateabout the first axis, wherein when the rotation lock is disengaged, thedraw bar is free to rotate about the first axis; wherein the instrumentcomprises a first state in which the actuator is disengaged from thedraw bar, the rotation lock is disengaged, and the draw bar is free totranslate along and rotate about the first axis; wherein the instrumentcomprises a second state in which the actuator is engaged with the drawbar, the rotation lock is engaged, and the draw bar is prevented fromrotating about the first axis.
 17. The instrument of claim 16, whereinthe rotation lock comprises a rotation lock ring and a spline insert,wherein the rotation lock ring and the draw bar are fixed together forrotation about the first axis, wherein the spline insert is fixed intranslation along and rotation about the first axis, wherein the splineinsert is removably connectable to the rotation lock ring; wherein whenthe rotation lock is engaged, the spline insert is connected to therotation lock ring so that the rotation lock ring cannot rotate aboutthe first axis, wherein when the rotation lock is disengaged, the splineinsert is disconnected from the rotation lock ring so that the rotationlock ring is free to rotate about the first axis; wherein the actuatorand the rotation lock are coupled together so that the actuator engagesthe draw bar when the rotation lock is engaged and the actuatordisengages from the draw bar when the rotation lock is disengaged. 18.The instrument of claim 17, wherein the draw bar comprises threads;wherein the actuator comprises a threaded slider, wherein the threadedslider comprises threads that engage the threads of the draw bar,wherein instrument actuation comprises rotation of the threaded sliderthreads in engagement with the draw bar threads to translate the drawbar relative to the second instrument part and the second implant partalong the first axis.
 19. The instrument of claim 15, wherein theinstrument further comprises a shuttle and an actuator; wherein theshuttle is fixed in rotation about the first axis, wherein the shuttleand the draw bar are fixed together for translation along the firstaxis; wherein instrument actuation comprises movement of the actuator inengagement with the shuttle to translate the shuttle and the draw barrelative to the second instrument part and the second implant part alongthe first axis.
 20. The instrument of claim 19, wherein the shuttlecomprises threads; wherein the actuator comprises a threaded driver,wherein the threaded driver comprises threads that engage the threads ofthe shuttle, wherein instrument actuation comprises rotation of thethreaded driver threads in engagement with the shuttle threads totranslate the shuttle and the draw bar relative to the second instrumentpart and the second implant part along the first axis.
 21. Theinstrument of claim 20, wherein the shuttle comprises a series oftransverse grooves; wherein the actuator comprises a ratchet mechanism,wherein the ratchet mechanism comprises a drive link that engages theseries of transverse grooves, wherein instrument actuation comprisestranslation of the drive link in engagement with the series oftransverse grooves to translate the shuttle and the draw bar relative tothe second instrument part and the second implant part along the firstaxis.